Nunavut Canada. Nunavut (territory). Legislative Assembly of Nunavut

GRP per capita

Nunavut(English Nunavut [ˈnuːnəvʊt], Inuktitut ᓄᓇᕗᑦ/nunavut [ˈnunavut] - “our land”) is the largest and newest territory in the . Nunavut was formed on April 1, 1999 as a result of separation from Nunavut, although the existing borders were established back in 1993. The main documents are the Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Subdivision Agreement.

Nunavut is the least populated of Canada's provinces and territories. With a very small population of the territory of 33,679 people, its area is comparable to, in which over 250 million people live.

The population of Nunavut is growing steadily. As of October 1, 2018, the population of Nunavut is 38,650.

However, Nunavut's population density, 0.015 people per square kilometer, is the smallest in the world. If Nunavut were a sovereign state, it would be the least populous state in the world. For example, Greenland, which is further east, has about the same area but almost twice the population.

By a number of indicators, the population of Nunavut differs significantly from the population of the rest of Canada. In particular, the territory has a predominantly male population (15,105 men and 14,365 women), while there are more women in the country as a whole. In addition, the average age of residents is significantly different: 23.1 years in Nunavut versus 39.5 in Canada. Unlike the rest of Canada, Nunavut has almost no immigrants: only 150 people do not have Canadian citizenship

Catholic Church in Pond Inlet.

The territory's main language is Inuktitut, including its western dialect Inuinnaqtun, which is spoken by approximately three-quarters of the population. Only 8 thousand residents named one of the country's official languages ​​(English or French) as their native language. At the same time, English is very widely spoken - more than 25 thousand residents speak it, and about 13 thousand use it at home. The French language is noticeably less widespread - in general, just over a thousand people speak it throughout the territory. Currently, the Legislative Assembly and Government of Nunavut use English and French to conduct their business. Translation into other official languages ​​of the territory is carried out by a special bureau under the Ministry of Culture, Language, Senior Citizens and Youth, but is not an official document. At the same time, the government of Nunavut plans to completely switch to Inuktitut by 2020.

The religious composition of the territory can be determined from the 2001 census, which included relevant questions. The vast majority of the population (93.2%) are Christians, while 57.9% consider themselves to be members of the Anglican Church of Canada, and 23.3% are members of the Roman Catholic Church.

Cities

Policy

The creation of the territory of Nunavut is the first change to the map since the incorporation of the former Dominion of Newfoundland into the country in 1949. However, it not only changed the map of Canada, but also contributed to the evolution of the concept of government in the country.

Legislative building

Nunavut is a territory, not a province, of Canada, which is reflected in its political system. Unlike Canadian provinces, a territory is created under federal law, so the federal government has the power to intervene in the territory's affairs. However, Nunavut has more control over its own affairs than any other Canadian territory. Under the land sharing agreement, Nunavut has expanded rights in some matters that would normally be the responsibility of the federal government (such as environmental and wildlife protection). The federal government in Nunavut is represented by a territorial commissioner. The functions of the Commissioner of Nunavut are similar to those of provincial lieutenant governors and are representative rather than managerial. All residents of the territory, regardless of ethnicity, have equal rights of representation and can be in power; their rights and responsibilities are determined by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The executive branch is in the hands of the Government of Nunavut, while the legislative branch is vested in the territory's legislature and the judicial branch is vested in the Nunavut Court.

The Legislative Assembly of Nunavut consists of 19 members elected to four-year terms by popular vote. There are no political parties at the territorial level in Nunavut. Instead, legislative decisions are made by consensus of the majority of members. All members of the legislative assembly elect the speaker, prime minister and cabinet of ministers by secret ballot. The Speaker oversees the actions of the Legislative Assembly. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet of Ministers head the government. All members of the legislature who have not received ministerial portfolios are in official opposition.

The government of Nunavut is public despite the fact that Inuit representatives have advocated the creation of an ethnic government as the best guarantee of protecting Inuit interests and their way of life. However, the government of Nunavut has some elements of ethnic government - in particular, Inuit have received proportional representation in the public utility and territorial administration. In addition, Inuit participate in governance through Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit.

Bilingual road sign in Iqaluit

The government of Nunavut is highly decentralized. Approximately 700 seats in the central government are distributed among several localities in the territory. The center of the administrative apparatus is the capital of Nunavut. The Ministry of Intergovernmental Cooperation is located here. Department of Executive and Intergovernmental Affairs), Ministry of Finance (English Department of Finance), Ministry of Human Resources (English Department of Human Resources), Ministry of Justice (English Department of Justice). The remaining departments, boards, commissions, corporations and agencies are located in the following localities: Igloolik, Cambridge Bay, Cape Dorset, Arviat, Kugluktuk, Baker Lake, Pond Inlet. With the decision to decentralize government, Nunavut leaders hope to expand job opportunities across the territory's various communities.

At the federal level, Nunavut is represented by one person each in the Senate and House of Commons.

Economy

Financially, Nunavut is heavily dependent on subsidies from the Government of Canada. Under a financial agreement reached in 1999, Nunavut received $500 million over five years from the federal government, which amounted to 90% of the territory's budget in 1999-2000. In this regard, the territory's government adopted the Nunavut Economic Development Strategy in 2003, which is the basis for economic development for several years ahead and sets out the main goals and directions of economic development. The strategy highlighted key sectors such as mining, fishing, tourism and handicrafts. Difficulties in the development of these economic sectors are the high cost of transport, lack of maritime infrastructure, extreme climate and remoteness of resources.

Mining industry

Jericho Kimberlite Pipe

Nunavut is rich in mineral resources, including metals (copper, iron, nickel, silver, lead, zinc, gold), gemstones (diamonds), hydrocarbons (oil and natural gas), and radioactive elements (uranium). In 2013, mining in Nunavut was carried out by the company " Agnico-Eagle Mines Ltd", division Meadowbank. Meadowbank- a gold deposit developed by open-pit mining. The field employs 678 people, the planned development period is 2010-2018. The gold mining cost is $913.00 per ounce. The north has large reserves of coal, oil and gas; Ways to extract these minerals are being increasingly sought.

Currently, active exploration of the subsoil is being carried out. In 2006, C$200 million was spent on research projects. As of 2009, more than 140 projects were being developed in Nunavut with the participation of about 70 companies in all regions of the territory. The flagship of the industry is the mining of uranium, gold and diamonds. Jericho, Nunavut's first diamond mine, operated from 2006-2008. In 2007, work began on two gold mining projects - Meadowbank and Doris North. The territory also has significant opportunities for the development of the oil and gas industry: in the Sverdrup Basin alone, oil and gas reserves account for 11% and 20% of Canada's total reserves, respectively.

Closed deposits

The economy was based on zinc mining, which brought in $267.8 million in 1998. In the early 2000s, low metal prices led to the closure of the Polaris and Nanisivik mines.

• Lupine Mine 1982-2005 - gold, current owner Elgin Mining Ltd is located on the border with Lake Kontuoito.
• Polaris mine 1982-2002 - lead-zinc deposit located on Little Cornwallis Island. Polaris was the northernmost mine in the world.
• Nanisivik mine 1976-2002 - a lead-zinc deposit located near Arctic Bay.
• 1957-1962 - mining of nickel, copper and platinum group metals.
• Jericho diamond mine 2006-2008 - located 400 km northeast of the center of the North-Western Provinces of the city.
• Doris North Gold Mine. American company Newmont Mining Corporation» drilled mines to a depth of 3 km, but did not develop them. Newmont closed the mine and sold it to the company in 2013 TMAC Resources", which is now developing a mining project.

Fishing

Arctic char.

The Inuit of Nunavut have long lived in contact with nature and benefited from the bounty of the sea. Local residents have been catching fish and mammals in the sea for centuries. It is no coincidence that almost all of the territory’s settlements are located on the coast. Over the past 20 years, fishing has acquired commercial features. According to experts, this industry brings into the economy from 12 to 14 million dollars annually, and also provides 300 seasonal jobs. In this regard, in 2005, the Government of Nunavut, together with Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated an industry development strategy was adopted. In 2005, as part of this program, the Nunavut Ministry of Environment received about $100 thousand from the Government of Canada. The main problems of the industry: the lack of modern research in this area (the last work was carried out in the 1970s), the poor availability of local ports for receiving fishing vessels, the influx of labor from the south, instead of working with their own labor resources.

Fishing exists in all regions of the territory. Kivvalik and Kitikmeot originally fished for arctic trout, but in recent years have also switched to flounder, crabs and shellfish. In the Baffin region, the main industry is halibut fishing ( Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) and shrimp ( Pandalus borealis, Pandalus montagui). While the first two regions only focus on offshore fishing, the Baffin region has great prospects for coastal fisheries. The Government of Canada, which has not been involved in the development of port infrastructure in Nunavut for a long time, has taken active action. As part of the program Small Craft Harbors Program Work is underway to create a small fishing port in . In 2008-2009, $25 million was allocated for its construction. The port at Pangnirtung is the largest in Nunavut, with smaller fish processing sites in Iqaluit, Rankin Inlet, Cambridge Bay, Gjoa Haven, Chesterfield Inlet and Whale Cove.

Traditional production

An important part of the economy is the traditional national crafts of the Inuit. In the 1940s, Canadian artist James Archibald Houston recognized the economic potential of traditional Inuit crafts. With the support of the Hudson's Bay Company, he began to create markets for artisans. They bring about $30 million to the budget annually; by 2013, this figure may increase to 50 million. In addition, according to a survey conducted in 2003, about a third of the territory’s residents are engaged in traditional crafts.

Tourism

Owyok Territorial Park.

Despite the inaccessibility, the Nunavut government is actively developing the tourism industry. About 18 thousand tourists from all over the world visit the territory every year. Tourists have the opportunity to engage in sport hunting, fishing and much more. Cruise ships visit 4 communities in the Baffin region every year, thereby providing an important source of income for the local population.

On August 12, 1999, based on the agreement on the division of land, an additional agreement was signed (eng. Inuit Impact and Benefit Agreement), which contained a description of the three parks of the territory: Auyuittuk, Quttinirpaak and Sirmilik. In 2003, Ukkusiksalik National Park was added to them. In addition, tourists are offered 13 territorial parks, 4 protected rivers, two hiking trails and the Telon Wildlife Sanctuary.

Transport and communications

Airport in Cambridge Bay.

For many sectors of Nunavut's economy, the high cost of transportation is a major challenge. Due to large distances and permafrost, the basis of the territory’s transport system is air traffic, which exists with all settlements of Nunavut. Sea transport is used to transport a number of basic products, including fuels and lubricants. In the summer, indigenous people still use river transport. The territory's only highway, 32 km long, connects the mining town of Nanisivik and Arctic Bay.

Many Nunavut communities are connected to major Canadian airports outside the territory. The Kitikmeot region is accessible through airports in Yellowknife, followed by Calgary and Edmonton, the main Kivallika airport, Rankin Inlet, has direct flights to Winnipeg, and Baffin, where the territory's capital Iqaluit is located, is connected to Ottawa and Montreal. In addition, the Yellowknife - Rankin Inlet - Iqaluit - Ottawa air route passes through Nunavut. The main airlines operating passenger air services in Nunavut: Canadian North, First Air, Kenn Borek Air, Kivalliq Air, Unaalik Aviation.

Energy

Currently, the people of Nunavut rely primarily on diesel fuel to power generators and heat their homes, and also receive fuel from southern Canada by boat or air because there are almost no roads or railways in the region.

The government is making efforts to increase the use of renewable energy sources, which is generally supported by the local community.

Social sphere

There are no universities in Nunavut. The only training center is the Arctic College. In schools, teaching is carried out in Inuktitut until the fourth grade, and only then does the transition to English occur. To overcome isolation, many schools have high-speed Internet.

Medical center in Arctic Bay.

Nunavut faces a number of social problems due to high prices for goods and services, low income, low levels of education and severe unemployment. In 1999, the unemployment rate was 20.7% of Nunavut's population. About 38% of local residents over the age of 15 have only a ninth-grade education. The suicide rate is approximately 6 times higher than in other Canadian provinces; the level of alcoholism is 3 times higher. There are a number of problems in the field of drug addiction and sexual crimes. In many ways, the problems of the territory are due to the fact that many young people live in it.

The Territorial Government has developed a number of strategies to combat these problems. A long-term Inuit Employment Plan has been developed, which provides for increasing the employment rate of indigenous people to 85%. At the same time, it is not yet clear whether the territory will be able to provide the population with those benefits that are vitally necessary, since the cost of living here is 65% higher than in other provinces of Canada.

Culture

National clothing of the Inuit

Nunavut represents the cultural and linguistic autonomy of the Inuit people of Canada. The cultural traditions of the Inuit, passed down from generation to generation, are well preserved.

Inuit throat singing also has rich traditions. At the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century, the famous singer Susan Aglukark introduced them in a modern context.

The production of Eskimo folk art plays a large role in the economy of many settlements in Nunavut. Approximately 27% of the province's population is engaged in folk crafts. Many local artists have received worldwide recognition. Many Canadians are familiar with soapstone carvings from communities such as Cape Dorset and Baker Lake. The world-famous decorative fabrics and laces are produced here.

Symbolism

The main official symbols of Nunavut, the coat of arms and flag, were approved by the Governor General of Canada, Romeo Leblanc, along with its creation on April 1, 1999.

The blue and golden colors of the flag symbolize the wealth of the earth, sea and sky, red - belonging to. Inuksuk symbolizes stone monuments that show people the way to land. The traditional North Star, in addition to being a navigational sign, symbolizes the leadership role of elders in the community.

The territory's coat of arms is also dominated by blue and gold colors, and the shield features an inuksuk and a kullik. The Kullik is an Eskimo stone lamp that symbolizes the light and warmth of family and community. The concave arch of five golden circles indicates the life-giving properties of the Sun, which forms an arch below and above the horizon. At the top of the coat of arms is the North Star. The decoration at the top of the coat of arms is an igloo, depicting the traditional life of the Eskimos and their means of survival. The Crown symbolizes the public government of Nunavut to all residents of Nunavut and establishes Nunavut's membership in the Confederation. Caribou and narwhal are land and sea animals that are Nunavut's natural heritage. The base under the shield consists of the earth, the sea and the image of three types of Arctic flowering plants. One of them, purple saxifrage, was recognized as the official flower of the territory on May 1, 2000.

	Symbol	Image	Accepted	Notes
Coat of arms	Coat of arms of Nunavut		April 1, 1999	Contains symbols of the wealth of the earth, sea and sky.
Motto	Nunavut Sanginivut ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᓴᙱᓂᕗᑦ ("Nunavut, Our land is our strength")		April 1, 1999	Approved along with the other elements of the coat of arms.
Flag		April 1, 1999
Rod	Rod of Nunavut		March 30, 1999	The symbol of the Legislative Assembly is carried by parliamentary ushers into the House during official events.
Flower	Saxifraga oppositeifolia Saxifraga oppositifolia		May 1, 2000	One of the plants that blooms first in the spring in the Arctic.
Bird	Ptarmigan (Aqilgiq, ᐊᕐᑭᒡᒋᖅ ᐊᑕᔪᓕᒃ) Lagopus mutus			Lives in Nunavut all year round.
Animal	Canadian Inuit dog (Qimmiq, ᕿᒻᒥᖅ) Canis familiaris borealis			Lives in the Arctic for at least the last 4,000 years.

see also

• Nunavik
• Nunatsiavut

Notes

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Literature

Story

• Kenney Gerard. Ships of wood and men of iron: a Norwegian-Canadian saga of exploration in the high Arctic. - Dundurn Press Ltd., 2005. - 139 p.
• McGrath Melanie. The Long Exile: A Tale of Inuit Betrayal and Survival in the High Arctic. - Alfred A. Knopf, 2006. - 268 p. - ISBN 0007157967.
• Quinn Duffy R. The Road to Nunavut: the progress of the eastern Arctic Inuit since the Second World War. - McGill-Queen's Press, 1988. - ISBN 0773506195.
• Rowley Susan D. M., Bennet John. Uqalurait: an oral history of Nunavut. - McGill-Queen's Press, 2004. - ISBN 0773523405.

Flora and fauna

• Anand-Wheeler Ingrid. Terrestrial Mammals of Nunavut. - NWMB, 2002. - ISBN 1553250354.
• Birds of Nunavut. - Baffin Divisional Board of Education, 2002.
• Mallory Carolyn, Aiken Susan. Common Plants of Nunavut. - NWMB, 2004.
• Richard Pierre. Marine Mammals of Nunavut. - 2000.

Links

Policy

• Nunavut Act (undefined) . Department of Justice Canada (1993)
• Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act (undefined)
• Official site (undefined) . Government of Nunavut. Retrieved September 20, 2010. Archived January 25, 2012.
• Official site (undefined) . Legislative Assembly of Nunavut. Retrieved September 20, 2010. Archived January 25, 2012.

Economy and tourism

• Nunavut Parks (undefined) . Retrieved September 20, 2010. Archived January 25, 2012.
• Tourism in Nunavut (undefined) . Retrieved September 20, 2010. Archived January 25, 2012.
• Explore Nunavut: Travel information and community guides (undefined) . Retrieved September 20, 2010. Archived January 25, 2012.

Culture

• Inukjuak Art History (undefined) . Virtual Museum of Canada. Retrieved September 20, 2010.

Mass media

• Nunatsiaq News (undefined) . Nunatsiaq News. Retrieved September 20, 2010. Archived January 25, 2012.
• Inuit Broadcasting Corporation (undefined) . Inuit Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved September 20, 2010. Archived January 25, 2012.
• Nunavut online (undefined) (unavailable link). Northern News. Retrieved September 20, 2010. Archived January 25, 2012.
• CBC North (undefined) . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved September 20, 2010. Archived February 2, 2012.

Nunavut is a vast territory in the north Canada, which occupies most of the Canadian Arctic. Created in 1999 from the eastern part of the Northwest Territories, it covers the traditional lands of the Inuit, local Indigenous population known in the United States as Eskimos. In Inuktitut, the Inuit language, the name "Nunavut" means "Our Land". Its capital is Iqaluit – located on the edge of Frobisher Bay in the south Baffin Island.

On the northern side, Nunavut is washed byArctic Ocean, to the east of it lies Greenland (separated by a series of narrow straits, Baffin Bay and Davis Strait ), and in the southeast through Hudson Strait adjacent and northeast sideHudson Bay. Nunavut's only land borders are with in the south and with the Northwest Territories in the southwest and west.

Nunavut covers most of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, including its largest island, Baffin Island. In addition, Nunavut and the Northwest Territories share several islands (notably Victoria and Melville Islands). Nunavut also includes numerous islands in Hudson Bay, such as Belcher Island. . The area of ​​the entire territory is 808,185 square meters. miles (2,093,190 sq. km), and the population is 38,000 (as of 2018).

Nunavut Climate

The territory is entirely within the Arctic climate zone with very cold winters and cool summers. Already in the eastern coastal areas, the average daily temperature in January rises to -30 °C, and in the far north and northwest of Hudson Bay it reaches -35 °C. The average July temperature rises above 10°C only west of Hudson Bay, while in the far north and along the northeast coast of Baffin Island it does not exceed 5°C.

In most of the territory there is little precipitation, and all of it falls in the form of snow. Annual precipitation starts at 8 inches (200 mm) and gradually increases eastward; the largest amount, 24 inches (600 mm), falls on Bilot Island, north of Baffin Island. Almost the entire territory is covered permafrost.

Ellesmere Island is located in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and is the northernmost Canadian island that is part of the Queen Elizabeth Islands. Fjords divide the island into separate parts: Granta, Grinnell, Sverdrup, Ellesmere. Almost one third of the island's territory is covered by a glacier. The highest point of the island is Barbeau Peak, which is also the highest point in the province of Nunavut.

The relief of the island is represented by snow fields and bare rocks. The polar night in Ellesmere lasts 5 months. Winters on the island are unusually cold, and in summer the temperature does not rise above 7 degrees. Every year, about 60 millimeters of precipitation falls on the island, the main part of which is rain, snow and condensation moisture. Due to lack of moisture, the island's snow cover is very thin.

Ellesmere's fauna is diverse. On the island you can meet the polar hare, musk ox, and Peary caribou. It is worth noting that, like other Canadian islands, Ellesmere is home to the Melvian island wolf, as well as the snowy owl and Arctic tern. The flora is represented by plants of the Arctic deserts and tundras.

Cape Murchison

Murchison is a cape on the Boothia Peninsula, the northernmost point of mainland Canada and mainland North America, it is also one of the extreme points of the Earth. The distance from it to the North Pole is only 64 kilometers.

Cape Murchison is part of the Kitikmeot region. The peninsula was first explored by Joseph Rene Murchison, after whom the strait was later named. A combination of circumstances, namely the search for traces of John Franklin, who was lost in the Arctic, led the French explorer to this area in 1852.

Cape Murchison offers beautiful views of the Stuart Mountains, all of which are crystal clear water, frosty air and pristine nature. And, of course, there are waterfalls and endless forests that are worth seeing.

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Nelson River

Residents of the Canadian province of Manitoba have the opportunity to observe the famous Nelson River, the mouth of which is the Arctic Ocean. The Nelson River flows along the Canadian Shield and is located among the Playgreen, Cross, Silivesk, and Split lakes. The southern part of the river basin is located in the United States. Nelson's signature feature is its difficult-to-navigate lake-river route that stretches into the Canadian Rockies.

The history of the river begins in 1612, when Sir Thomas Button spent the night at the mouth of the river during an expedition. The river was named after the navigator who died in winter. The river plays the role of an energy source - there are 13 hydroelectric power stations on it. The Kelsey Dam provides electricity to the Thompson nickel industry, located on the Burntwood Tributary. If you go downstream, you will find the Kettle hydroelectric power station. To increase electricity generation, the Nelson River is connected by a canal to the Churchill River.

Rowley Island, with an area of ​​1,090 square kilometers, is located in the Arctic Ocean. It has an elongated shape, 70 kilometers long and 7 to 20 kilometers wide. To the northeast of the island is Baffin Island, to the south is Koch Island, and to the west is Bray Island. The purpose of the deserted Rowley Island in the Arctic Ocean is great.

With its gentle topography stretching from about 219 kilometers of sandy shores to a narrow plateau, Rowley Island is home to an American Aerospace Defense Command warning system and weather station that monitors ocean weather conditions. Therefore, Rowley Island can be safely called an island of observation of oceanic objects.

Ellis River

The Ellis is a northern river in the province of Nunavut, the source of which begins in Lake No Name. The length of the river is 287 kilometers, passing through the Arctic Circle, Ellis ends its course in Queen Maud Bay of the Arctic Ocean.

The total Ellis catchment of 16,900 square kilometers is home to a wealth of river life. Among the most common species are the salmon family, in particular Arctic char.

The fauna of the Ellis Coast is also diverse. Musk oxen, deer, and wolves have already firmly established themselves in the local forests, and the nearby river reservoir has become a refuge for waterfowl. Anyone can watch entire families of brent geese.

Winnipeg River

The Winnipeg River, whose name translates as “dark river,” has a second paradoxical name: “white and fluffy water.” It received such an unspoken name, firstly, due to the fact that for a long time it had many white portages, and secondly, because in the 18th century, furs and fur products were actively transported along it to the neighboring cities of Panawa, Great Falls and Pine -Fols.

The total length of the river is 320 kilometers, and the source of Winnipeg begins in Lake of the Woods and ends its path in Lake Winnipeg of the same name. Three hundred years ago, local Indians began to wisely use the river for transport purposes; currently there are 7 hydroelectric power stations installed on the Winnipeg River.

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Separated from Northwest Territories April 1 1999 after the adoption of the Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act, although the existing boundaries were established back in 1993. The creation of the territory of Nunavut is the result of the first change to the map of Canada since the incorporation of the former dominion into the country. Newfoundland V 1949.

Story

The territory of Nunavut was inhabited by people 4,000 years ago. Representatives of culture Dorset came to Alaska from Siberia, and then settled vast territories in the west up to Greenland And Labrador.

The first Eskimos appeared in the south Bering Sea and the North Pacific 3000 and 2000 years ago. 1000 years ago, some Eskimos settled in Arctic Canada. The Eskimos displaced representatives of the Dorset culture and founded the first Eskimo settlements in Nunavut. They brought with them kayaks , harpoons , Umiaki and horses well adapted for harsh climates.

Most historians believe that the name Gelluland, which can be found in the Norse sagas, is the island Baffin Island, so it is possible that local residents had previous contact with Normans.

The written history of Nunavut began with 1576. Martin Frobisher, who led the expedition searching for Northwest Passage, believed he had found gold ore in Frobisher Bay on the island Baffin Island. The ore turned out to be worthless, but it was Martin Frobisher who recorded the first contact with the Eskimos in his diary. The contact was hostile, and Frobisher himself captured four Eskimos, whom he brought to England, where they soon died.

Flora

Vegetation is very sparse: sparse berry shrubs , lichens, polar willow, mosses.

Fauna

More than 30 species of mammals live in Nunavut: muskox , elk , caribou , wolves , foxes , Canadian lynx , polar bear , grizzly, American brown bear, wolverine , ermine , otter , Ilka , arctic hare, American hare, Canadian beaver , muskrat, different kinds lemmings , the bats etc. Due to the cold climate, they are not represented in Nunavut reptiles. Almost all animal species living on the territory of Nunavut are of commercial or economic importance for the traditional Eskimo life.

The aviation fauna includes more than 100 species of birds. Of these only common raven , White Owl And white partridge live in Nunavut all year round; all others are migratory birds that breed in Nunavut but winter in other regions. Birds can be found throughout Nunavut, but not all species are equally distributed. Thus, the horned lark lives throughout Nunavut with the exception of Ellesmere Island, passerines are not usually found on the islands, and plovers are only present on the east coast of Ellesmere Island and Baffin Island. Sometimes in Nunavut you can meet individual representatives of species of migratory birds uncharacteristic for this territory, such as barn swallow or blue jay.

Population

As of 2006, Nunavut's population was approximately 30,782 people, 85% of whom are indigenous people, mostly Eskimos -Inuit. The main language is (including the Western dialect - Inuinnaqtun), and English is also widely spoken.

Populated areas of Nunavut

Administrative divisions of Nunavut

Nunavut is divided into 3 regions:

• Qikiqtaaluk District (Qikiqtani, formerly Baffin District)
• Kivalliq District (formerly Keewatin District)
• Kitikmeot District

Their current status is not entirely clear: they were census districts in the 2001 census, but whether they now have administrative status is not entirely clear.

The boundaries of these areas do not exactly correspond to the boundaries of the specified areas of the Northwest Territories before division. In particular, the dividing line between the two territories did not exactly follow the boundaries of the regions, although most of the three former regions of the Northwest Territories make up Nunavut as a whole.

Area Baffin, formerly part of the Northwest Territories, was completely given over to Nunavut. The former Kitikmeot region is almost entirely included in Nunavut with the exception of two southwestern sections and the northwestern section of Victoria Island. Also, the Keewatin region is almost entirely part of Nunavut, except for the southwestern rectangular section of land. The regions of Fort Smith and Inuvik remained administrative divisions of the Northwest Territories, with the exception of a small portion of the Fort Smith region that became part of Nunavut.

The above regional division also differs from the district system of the Northwest Territories, which existed since 1876 and was abolished as a result of the creation of Nunavut.

Symbolism

Flag symbolism

Blue and golden colors symbolize the richness of the earth, sea and sky. Red - belonging to Canada. Inuksuk symbolizes stone monuments that show people the way to land. The star is the North Star, the traditional signpost in navigation. She is also a symbol of the leadership role of elders in the community.

Symbolism of the coat of arms

The predominant colors, blue and gold, symbolize the richness of the earth, sea and sky. The shield is based on inuksuk, symbolizing stone monuments that show people the way to land. The Kullik, an Eskimo stone lamp, symbolizes the light and warmth of family and community. The concave arch of five golden circles indicates the life-giving properties of the sun, which forms an arch below and above the horizon. The star is polar Star, traditional pointer in navigation. Decoration at the top of the coat of arms - igloo, depicting traditional Eskimo life and means of survival. Crown symbolizes government public to all residents of Nunavut and establishes Nunavut's membership in the Confederation. Caribou And narwhal indicate the land and sea animals that are Nunavut's natural heritage. The base under the shield consists of the earth, the sea and the image of three types of Arctic flowering plants.

Economy

The provincial government has adopted the Nunavut Economic Development Strategy, which provides a framework for the economy over the next several years and sets out key goals and directions for economic development, including a specific strategy for key sectors such as mining, fishing and tourism. This strategy is based on a document adopted by the government Canada and setting a high standard of living for the population as the main goal of the country’s economic development.

Nunavut's economy is based on traditional industries Eskimos, making up the majority of the province's population. This sector of the economy generates an annual profit of $40 million. By supporting traditional areas of production, the province sets itself development goals for those sectors of the economy that are currently rapidly changing it. Exploring Nunavut's mineral resources is creating new jobs for Indigenous people and Canadians. Exploration of deposits is underway throughout Nunavut gold , diamonds, polymetallic deposits. A diamond mine in Kitikmeot is expected to start operating in 2006. Reserves oil And natural gas the province will provide safe fuel to the world's population in the future, thereby instilling confidence in strengthening the economic potential of Nunavut.

Main deposits:

1. "Lupin" - 1982-present (Gold, now in withdrawal)
2. "Polaris" - 1982-2002 (lead, zinc)
3. "Nanisivik Mine" - 1976-2002 (lead, zinc)
4. Rankin Inlet Mine - 1957-1962 (nickel, copper)

The fishing industry, which is the basis of the economy in the region, is developing rapidly Baffin with the settlements of Kivalliq and Kitikmeot.

Difficulties in the development of these economic sectors are the high cost of transport, lack of maritime infrastructure, extreme climate and remoteness of resources.

Control system

Houses of Parliament

The creation of Nunavut not only changed the map of Canada, but also contributed to the evolution of the concept of government in the country.

General Principles of the Government of Nunavut

The Government of Nunavut is characterized by two principles:

1. it is a public government, not an ethnic one;
2. it is a territorial government, not a provincial one.

Public government

Although the Eskimo representatives who participated in the negotiations advocated the creation of a government based on ethnic principles as the best guarantee of protecting the interests of the Eskimos and their way of life, they understood that this form of government was unacceptable to the Government of Canada. Therefore, Nunavut created a public government that respects Canadian political traditions and institutions and remains within the boundaries of the federation. All residents of the territory, regardless of ethnicity, have equal rights of representation and can be in power. In addition, the rights and responsibilities of all residents of Nunavut are defined by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

However, the government of Nunavut has some elements of an ethnic government. In accordance with the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act, Inuit received proportionate representation in public utilities and territorial administration. Therefore, Eskimos have a decisive voice in many matters.

Territorial government

Nunavut is a territory, not a province. Provinces have certain jurisdictional areas (for example, health and education) and were created on the basis of the Constitutional Acts - 1982. Unlike a province, a territory was created on the basis of federal law. Therefore, the federal government has the right to intervene in the affairs of the territory. In addition, the provincial government takes part in amending the Constitution of Canada, which the territorial government cannot. However, Nunavut has more control over its own affairs than any other Canadian territory. Under the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act, Nunavut has expanded rights in some matters that are usually the responsibility of the federal government (for example, in the field of environmental protection and wildlife).

Legislative Assembly of Nunavut

The Legislative Assembly of Nunavut consists of 19 members elected to four-year terms by popular vote. The Speaker monitors the actions of the Legislative Assembly. The Prime Minister and the Executive Cabinet head the government. There are no political parties at the territorial level in Nunavut. Instead, legislative decisions are made by consensus of the majority of members. All members of the Legislative Assembly elect the Speaker, Prime Minister and Cabinet of Ministers by secret ballot. All members of the Legislative Assembly who have not received a ministerial portfolio are in official opposition.

Decentralization

The government of Nunavut is highly decentralized. Approximately 700 seats in the central government are distributed among several localities in the territory. The center of the government apparatus is Iqaluit, the capital of Nunavut. Here are the Department of Executive and Intergovernmental Affairs, the Department of Finance and Administration, the Department of Human Resources, and the Department of Justice. The remaining departments, boards, commissions, corporations and agencies are located in the following localities.