Tajiks are Orthodox or Muslim. Population of Tajikistan, language, religion, national composition of the inhabitants of Tajikistan. Who is more ancient: Uzbeks or Tajiks

The culture of Tajikistan has a long history of formation and development. Since ancient times, the first attempts to identify the people as a separate formed community began. As a result, under the influence of other peoples and times, some interesting cultural rules began to be used in Tajikistan, but with their own adjustments.

Rich culture of Tajikistan

In Central Asia, culture of Tajikistan is considered one of the most unique, extraordinary and multifaceted. There are many reasons for this indicator. Among them it is worth highlighting such as geography of Tajikistan. The state is located in the very heart of Asia, around countries that differ significantly in their temperament and mentality. That is why in Tajikistan you can meet many extraordinary personalities, people whose thoughts go beyond the standard way of life.

Religion of Tajikistan

The main national one is Islam. Most of the population leans towards this lifestyle.

Economy of Tajikistan

Over the past few years, it has been growing and developing rapidly. Indicators of economic growth and well-being are increasing.

Science of Tajikistan

The country's authorities pay a lot of attention to such an area as. There are already some centers in the country where you can test your scientific work and calculations.

Art of Tajikistan

Keeps a large inheritance. Significant collections of coins have been preserved here. A variety of architectural styles that have retained their original characteristics deserve great attention. Some buildings that could be reconstructed were reproduced exactly with the original data. Also on the territory of the country there was a large imprint of how culture, can affect a person's life. All this can be seen in paintings, monuments and other works of artists.

Cuisine of Tajikistan

The diversity took a long time to form. Here you can find recipes for dishes that are very similar to the food of other peoples and countries.

Customs and traditions of Tajikistan

Among all the features of the country, it is worth highlighting. First of all, it should be noted that it is here that wearing national clothes is considered an important element of women’s lives. As for men, things are simpler here. They are more inclined to wear European styles. Or they can create a mix: national at the top and European at the bottom. Tajikistan is actively developing the sewing business, since national clothing is manufactured on the territory of the state and is very popular.

Sports of Tajikistan

In the country, as of 2015, there are about 8 thousand sports complexes and facilities. Sports of Tajikistan has great support from the authorities. Every year, the state hosts a variety of sports competitions with significant prizes for the winners. The President is trying to teach as many people as possible to a healthy lifestyle.

Religion in Tajikistan occupies a special place in public life. First of all, it is worth saying that this country is the only post-Soviet country where an Islamic party is officially registered, but the people of Tajikistan had to pay a very high price for this.

Ancient history

The history of religion in Tajikistan goes back to ancient times, associated with the amazing period of conquests of Alexander the Great, who brought Greek civilization and, accordingly, Greek religion, which intricately combined with local cults, to these lands far from Europe.

The most ancient cults that existed on the territory of present-day Tajikistan were associated with the assignment of various qualities to natural phenomena, elements and celestial bodies, such as the Moon, stars, and, first of all, the Sun. Subsequently, these primitive beliefs, in a highly modified form, served as a favorable substrate for the spread of Zoroastrianism in the region.

Spread of Zoroastrianism

Considering the fact that Farsi is the closest relative of the Iranian language, it is not surprising that the religion of Zoroastrianism has become widespread in this country. What it is? Zoroastrianism is one of the religions that has ever existed in the world. It is believed that the prophet Spitama Zarathustra acted as its founder, whose image subsequently became widespread.

First of all, it is worth saying that Zoroastrianism is a religion of ethical choice, requiring from a person not only external piety, but also good thoughts and sincere actions. Some researchers, discovering both dualistic and monotheistic features in Zoroastrianism, classify it as a transitional religion, which served as a kind of step towards the emergence and widespread dissemination of monotheistic religions. The most important book of this religion is the Avesta.

Religion in Tajikistan

The history of modern Tajik civilization begins during the Sasanian Empire, whose rulers, along with the majority of the population, professed Zoroastrianism. The empire arose in the 13th century and included territories in which, in addition to Zoroastrianism, Christianity was also widespread. However, Christianity in Tajikistan was represented mainly by heretical movements, whose representatives tried to move as far as possible from the generally recognized centers of Christianity with their dictatorship and dogmatism.

Manichaeism in Central Asia

Religion has always been of great importance in Tajikistan, but in ancient times, especially during the Sasanian Empire, the territory was characterized by a high degree of religious tolerance. It was this religious tolerance that became one of the reasons for the emergence of Manichaeism - a rather bizarre religion that combined in its dogmatic basis elements of Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, as well as various Christian sectarian ideas.

It was from the arid lands of Central Asia that Manichaeism began its triumphal march westward until it reached Rome. However, the fate of the followers of the teaching was sad - everywhere they were subjected to persecution and extreme pressure. Subsequently, Manichaeism became extremely widespread on the Eurasian continent, but was never able to get rid of the stigma of a world sect.

Jewish community

Since the history of the country goes back more than one century, it is not surprising that a variety of religions are represented on its territory. Judaism became one of these religions in Tajikistan, although the number of its adherents has never been large. The small number of Jews in these lands was due to the fact that the rabbis never showed any inclination towards proselytism and recruiting new supporters, limiting themselves to ideas about the exclusivity of the people of Israel.

The Jewish community in Tajikistan existed both under Zoroastrianism and after the spread of Islam, and it still exists there today, although in a very small size, since most Jews moved to Israel immediately after the liquidation of the Soviet Union. Today, the overwhelming majority of residents of Tajikistan profess Islam, and there is a political party in the country that expresses the mood of religious citizens.

Of course, Tajikistan is not such a large tourism center as, for example, Turkey. However, this does not mean that Tajikistan has nothing to surprise foreigners. Tourists are attracted to this country by high mountains (Pamir, Tien Shan), beautiful nature, medieval cities, sights, as well as ancient traditions and customs, which have been preserved intact in secluded corners since ancient times. The descendants of the soldiers of the army of Alexander the Great, who long ago conquered this country, still live in the mountains of Tajikistan. As we see, tourists in Tajikistan have a great opportunity to get acquainted with ancient history.

Tajikistan is located in Central Asia. Tajikistan borders on China in the east, Kyrgyzstan in the north, Uzbekistan in the west, and Afghanistan in the south. This country is landlocked. The total area of ​​Tajikistan is 143,100 square meters. km., and the total length of the state border is 3,651 km.

Almost the entire territory of Tajikistan is occupied by mountains. Moreover, more than 50% of the country is located at an altitude of over 3 thousand meters above sea level. Only about 7% of Tajikistan are small valleys (for example, in the north of the country part of the Fergana Valley). The highest peak in Tajikistan is Ismoil Samoni Peak, whose height reaches 7,495 m.

The largest rivers in Tajikistan are the Syr Darya in the north of the country, the Amu Darya, Zarafshan and Pyanj. This Central Asian country has several beautiful lakes. The largest of them is the freshwater lake Karakul, whose area is 380 square meters. km.

The capital of Tajikistan is Dushanbe, which is now home to more than 750 thousand people. According to archaeologists, an urban settlement on the territory of modern Dushanbe existed already in the 3rd century BC.

In Tajikistan, the official language is Tajik, and Russian has the status of a language of interethnic communication.

About 98% of the population of Tajikistan profess Islam (95% are Sunni and the remaining 3% are Shia).

According to the current Constitution of 1994, Tajikistan is a parliamentary republic headed by the President.

The bicameral parliament in Tajikistan is called the Majlisi Oli of the Republic of Tajikistan, it consists of the House of Representatives (63 deputies) and the National Council (33 people).

The main political parties in Tajikistan are the People's Democratic Party, the Communist Party of Tajikistan, the Socialist Party and the Agrarian Party.

The climate in Tajikistan is varied - sharply continental, subtropical (in the southwest of the country) and semi-desert, arid. In summer the air temperature is +30-40C, and in winter - -8-10C. Half of the territory of Tajikistan is occupied by the highest mountains in Central Asia - the Pamirs. There is a lot of snow falling in the mountains of Tajikistan. The average annual precipitation in Tajikistan varies depending on the region from 700 mm to 1600 mm per year.

The best time for hiking in the mountains of Tajikistan is summer. Winter in Tajikistan is usually mild, but the passes are closed due to snowfall.

In turn, the best time to visit lowland Tajikistan is spring (March-May) and autumn (September-November).

Tajikistan is the smallest country in Central Asia, and most of its territory (more than 90%) is mountainous. However, Tajikistan has almost 950 rivers and a large number of lakes. The largest rivers are the Syrdarya in the north of the country, the Amu Darya, Zarafshan and Pyanj, and among the lakes the freshwater Karakul Lake and Sarez Lake in the Pamirs should be highlighted.

People on the territory of modern Tajikistan, according to archaeologists, lived already in the Stone Age. In ancient times, the central, southern and eastern parts of modern Tajikistan were part of the slave state of Bactria, and the areas north of the Gissar range belonged to the slave state of Sogd.

Later, these lands were conquered by Alexander the Great and his Greeks, then they became part of the Seleucid state. And this is only a small part of the states that included modern Tajikistan. After all, Tajikistan was still conquered by the Kushan kingdom, the Turkic Khaganate, the Karakhanid state, the Tatar-Mongol empire, and the Sheibanid state. In 1868, Tajikistan was annexed to the Russian Empire.

After the revolution of 1917 in Russia, the Tajik ASSR was formed on the territory of Tajikistan as part of the Uzbek SSR. In 1929, the Tajik ASSR was transformed into one of the republics of the Soviet Union.

It was only in 1991 that Tajikistan declared its independence.

Tajiks sacredly honor their national traditions and pass them on from generation to generation. Until now, Tajiks (especially in villages) wear national clothes. Men prefer embroidered robes and headdresses, while women prefer embroidered dresses with trousers and headscarves. According to tradition, girls should have 40 braids.

Tajiks celebrate all Muslim religious holidays, as well as two public holidays - Independence Day (September 9) and Remembrance Day (February 12).

Tajiks are rightfully proud of their national cuisine. Of course, Tajik cuisine is similar to the cuisine of other Central Asian countries, but it has its own characteristics, expressed in methods of cooking, food processing, and, of course, taste.

Tajiks are very careful about bread (flatbread). In Tajikistan, bread cannot be thrown away or dropped on the floor. Bread cannot be cut - it must be broken carefully. Be prepared for the fact that Tajik dishes contain a lot of spices, herbs and onions.

Tajiks eat while sitting around a low table - dastarkhan. Lunch always begins with tea, which is always drunk from bowls.

Meat dishes in Tajikistan are prepared from lamb or goat meat (Tajiks are Muslims, and therefore they do not eat pork). Horse meat sausage – “kazy” – is very popular among Tajiks. Before cooking, the meat is always fried until brown.

In Tajikistan, we recommend that tourists try the local lamb kebab (classic Tajik kebab is sprinkled with lemon juice after cooking and served with baked tomatoes), fried meat “kaurdak”, Tajik cabbage rolls “shakhlet” (lamb with rice, served in sour cream sauce).

Pilaf takes pride of place in Tajik cuisine. There are five most popular recipes for preparing pilaf in Tajikistan - Tajik pilaf, pilaf with meat balls (“gelak palov”), pilaf “Dushanbe” (minced lamb), pilaf with chicken, and pilaf with noodles (“ugro”). Tajiks usually add quince, dried fruits, peas and garlic to pilaf.

Traditional soft drinks are green tea, sour milk “katyk” and sorbets (fruit drinks with sugar).

Tajiks usually drink green tea in the summer, and black tea in the winter. Traditionally, in Tajikistan sugar is not added to tea. Tajiks often drink “shirchai” - tea with milk. Butter and salt are also added to shirchai. Residents of the Pamirs add goat's milk, butter and salt to tea - they get "sher tea".

There are several thousand unique historical, architectural and archaeological monuments in Tajikistan. Now the authorities of Tajikistan are allocating significant funds for the restoration and restoration of archaeological and architectural monuments.

The Top 10 best attractions in Tajikistan, in our opinion, may include the following:

1. Gissar fortress near Dushanbe
2. Mausoleum of Khoja Mashad near Kurgan-Tube
3. Buddhist monastery Ajina Tepe
4. Mausoleum of Sheikh Massala in Khojent
5. Ruins of the Zoroastrian temple Ak-Tepa
6. Mausoleum of Makhdumi Azam in the Gissar Valley
7. Ruins of the Kaahka fortress
8. Ruins of the Sogdian city of Panjikent
9. Sangin Mosque in the Gissar Valley
10. The ancient settlement of Sarazm near Panjikent

The largest cities in Tajikistan are Khujand, Khorog, Kulyab, Kurgan-Tube, and, of course, the capital, Dushanbe.

Most tourists come to Tajikistan for the local attractions and mountains - the Pamirs are known throughout the world. In addition, tourists in Tajikistan are attracted by the beautiful nature and reserves, parks, natural monuments - Tigrovaya Balka, Dashtidzhumsky Reserve, Ramit, “Valley of Forty Girls”, Rangkul Cave.

Tourists from Tajikistan usually bring folk art products, fabrics, scarves, shawls, women's bags, ceramics, carpets, porcelain dishes, jewelry, traditional musical instruments, traditional hats, slippers and much more.

Population of Tajikistan
Language, religion, national composition of the inhabitants of Tajikistan

Currently, 8,000,000 people live in Tajikistan.
In 1939, 1,484,440 people lived in Tajikistan.
In 1967 the population was 2,730,000.

The national composition of the population of the republic is determined by the historical destinies of Tajikistan. It, like all of Central Asia in antiquity and the Middle Ages, right up to the great geographical discoveries, was located on world trade routes. Throughout its existence, it was repeatedly subjected to various invasions and conquests. On the territory of Tajikistan, the most extensive states for their time arose and collapsed, and this led to the extraordinary diversity of the ethnic composition of the population, especially in the southern regions.

Outside the country, Tajiks live in Afghanistan, Iran, Northern Pakistan and the People's Republic of China. From the general mass of Tajiks, the Pamir Tajiks stand out based on language, way of life and other characteristics. These are the Shugnan-Rushans, Khufs, Yazgulems, Vakhans, Ishkashims, Bartangs. They form the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region within Tajikistan. A special group of Tajiks, the Yagnobis, are direct descendants of the Sogdians, living in the high mountain valley of the Yagnob (a tributary of the Zeravshan). Their language is one of the dialects of the ancient Sogdian language, which was spoken by part of the ancestors of modern Tajiks before the conquest in the 7th-8th centuries. Central Asia by Arabs. Now the Yagnobis speak two languages ​​- their own and Tajik. The Tajik language, together with its related Persian, belongs to the southwestern group of Iranian languages. According to some phonetic and morphological features, dialects of the Tajik language are divided into northern and southern.

The process of formation of the Tajik people began in the 4th-5th centuries and ended on the verge of the 9th-10th centuries. within the Samanid state. Some ancient tribes of Central Asia became its ethnic components: Bactrians, Tocharians, Sogdians, Sakas, Massagetae, Chionites-Ephthalptians.

Anthropologically, Tajiks belong to the Caucasian race. The Pamir-Fergana type is most characteristic of them; it is also called the Central Asian interfluve type. Tajiks have dark hair and eyes, a round head, and average height. Residents of lowland areas have more noticeable Mongoloid features: less abundant hair, a flattened face, a narrower eye shape.

The Tajik language, like its related Persian and Farsi-Kabuli (Dari), belongs to the Western Iranian languages ​​that are part of the Indo-European language group.

Tajiks live everywhere in the republic. Previously, the area of ​​their continuous settlement was mainly mountainous areas. This is explained by the fact that during the period of turbulent political events and the conquest of the country by nomads, the indigenous people were pushed by the newcomers into the mountains, where they were forced to live in harsh conditions.

Nowadays, abandoned lands of ancient irrigation are being reclaimed in the southern valleys and other lowland areas. Thousands of Tajik mountaineers are moving here, to the homeland of their ancestors.

Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Ossetians, Mordovians, Armenians, Bashkirs, Germans, and Central Asian Jews live in the cities and villages of the republic. The Kyrgyz settled in the northeast and Eastern Pamirs.

Arabs live in small numbers in the south of Tajikistan. In the lower reaches of the Vakhsh from the middle of the 19th century. Turkmens of the Ersari tribe settled. In some places in the south there are also Kazakhs.

The long-time settlers of the south - Central Asian gypsies - are called by the local population Dzhugi or Luli.

Tajikistan, like any mountainous region, is characterized by a very uneven distribution of the population along high-rise floors (belts). Mainly the lower sections of the valleys of large rivers are intensively developed and densely populated. The slopes and highlands are much less populated or completely devoid of permanent residents. The bulk of the population of the republic lives in cities, towns and villages located at altitudes up to 1000 m. Some of all residents of Tajikistan are located in the belt from 1000 to 2000 m, and only slightly at an altitude of more than 2000 m.

The majority of the population of Tajikistan professes Islam. Most of the residents of the republic are Sunni Muslims, a small part of Tajiks and Iranians are Shiite Muslims. A characteristic feature of Tajikistan is the high population growth of the republic. And, as is customary in the East, Tajiks are hardworking, hospitable, responsive people, ready for open dialogue with all peoples of the world.

- (pers. tadschik conquered). Descendants of the ancient Persians, Medes and Bactrians, constituting the indigenous population of Central Asia of Aryan origin. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. TAJIKS pers. tadschik... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Modern encyclopedia

People, the main population of Tajikistan (3172 thousand people), in the Russian Federation 38.2 thousand people (1992). They also live in Afghanistan and Iran. Total population 8.28 million people (1992). Language Tajik. The believers are mostly Sunni Muslims... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

TAJIKS, Tajiks, units. Tajik, Tajik, husband The people of the Iranian linguistic group, constituting the main population of the Tajik SSR. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

TAJIKS, ov, units. ik, a, husband. The people who make up the main indigenous population of Tajikistan. | wives Tajik, I. | adj. Tajik, aya, oh. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

- (self-name Tojik), people. There are 38.2 thousand people in the Russian Federation. The main population of Tajikistan. They also live in Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Iran. The Tajik language is an Iranian group of the Indo-European family of languages. Believers in ... Russian history

Tajiks- (self-name Tojik) people with a total number of 8280 thousand people. Main countries of settlement: Afghanistan 4000 thousand people, Tajikistan 3172 thousand people, Uzbekistan 934 thousand people. Other countries of settlement: Iran 65 thousand people, Russian Federation 38 thousand… … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Tajiks Ethnopsychological Dictionary

TAJIKS- representatives of the indigenous nation of the Republic of Tajikistan. Special studies show that Tajiks are most characterized by such national psychological qualities as a practical mindset, a rational way of thinking, based on... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

Ov; pl. Nation, main population of Tajikistan; representatives of this nation. ◁ Tajik, a; m. Tadzhichka, and; pl. genus. check, date chkam; and. Tajik, aya, oh. T. tongue. This is the culture. * * * Tajiks are the people, the main population of Tajikistan (3172 thousand... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• Tajiks. Part 1, A.P. Shishov. Ethnographic and anthropological research. Part 1. Ethnography. Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1910 edition (Tashkent publishing house, published by A.L....
• Tajiks. Ancient, ancient and medieval history. Book 1, B. G. Gafurov. This book will be produced in accordance with your order using Print-on-Demand technology. Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1989 edition (Irfon publishing house...