Tying the yardarm to the mast. Sea knots. The most famous and frequently used maritime knots

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BRIEF MARINE DICTIONARY

British Admiralty (British Admiralty)- the highest authority of management and command of the British naval forces.
Admiralty anchor- an anchor with two fixed horns, which have triangular legs on their horns, and a rod mounted on the top of the spindle in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the horns. The name “Admiralty anchor” appeared in 1852 after extensive field tests of anchors of various designs carried out by the British Admiralty.
Backstays– standing rigging gear that supports spar trees, bokants, davits, topmasts, chimneys, etc. from the sides.
Bakshtov- a cable extended over the stern of an anchored vessel to secure boats, boats and other small vessels.
Baluster- a chiseled slats that serve as a step at the storm ladder. Bank - a board that serves as a transverse fastening of the boat set and a seat for the rowers.
Spire drum– the rotating part of the capstan, which serves to retrieve the anchor chain or – mooring cable.
Seizing– tying two cables with a thin cable or line. If it is made with a thick rope, it is called lashing.
Alcove- a wooden board suspended on a gorden and serving as a seat when lifting people onto masts, pipes, etc., as well as when lowering overboard.
Bitt- a wooden or metal stand on the deck of a ship for attaching cables.
Block with a suit- a block in which the sling ends in a sweater. The latter serves to tie the block to any spar or rigging gear.
Blocks- the simplest mechanisms used to lift heavy objects, as well as to change the direction of the cables when they are pulled.
Brahm backstays– standing rigging gear supporting topmasts on the sides.
Brahmins- small hoists tied into the front halyard. The topsail is a straight sail raised on the topmast above the topsail. Depending on whether it belongs to a particular mast, it receives the name accordingly: on the foremast - fore-bom-bramsel, on the mainmast - main-bom-bramsel and on the mizzen mast - cruis-bom-bramsel.
Topmast- a spar tree that serves as a continuation of the topmast. The top halyard is a piece of running rigging for the top yards, with the help of which the top yards are raised and lowered. In addition, they are also used to raise the yards under the boom saling when setting the topsails.
Bras- running rigging gear used to rotate the yard in a horizontal plane (throw the yard).
Windlass– the machine for lifting the anchor, unlike the capstan, has a horizontal shaft.
Throwing end- a line that has a canvas bag (weight) at one end, beaten with sand and braided on top. Using the throwing end, mooring ropes are fed to the pier (or from a berthed vessel).
Yoke– a flat metal ring used for attaching rigging parts to spar trees.
Yoke with butts- a steel ring with bosses having holes, put on (stuffed) onto a mast or yard to strengthen it with guys or to connect the components (mast, yard).
Buyrep- a cable attached to an anchor and equipped with a wooden or metal float (buoy), which indicates the location of the anchor on the ground.
Tow– 1. A cable with which ships are towed. 2. A towing vessel designed to tow other vessels.
Bowline- a tackle used to pull back the windward side luff of the lower straight sail.
Bowsprit- a spar, mounted on the bow of the ship in the center plane horizontally or at a certain angle to the horizontal plane. The standing rigging of the topmasts of the front mast, as well as the rigging of the slanting sails - jibs, is attached to the bowsprit.
Bull-proud- a piece of running rigging on a ship, with the help of which, when retracting the sails, the luff of the straight sail is pulled to the yard
Guys– standing rigging gear that supports masts, topmasts, topmasts, etc. from the sides and somewhat behind.
Welps- protrusions in the form of ribs made on the capstan drum so that the wound cable does not slip.
Verp– an auxiliary ship anchor of less mass than the main anchor. serving to refloat a vessel by transporting it on boats.
Anchor spindle- a massive rod, to the lower part of which the horns of an Admiralty anchor or retractable claws are attached.
Take the reefs– reduce the area of ​​the sail: rolling it up from the bottom and tying the rolled part with reef pins on the fore and aft sails; picking up the sail up and grabbing it with reef lines to the rail on the yard, near the straight lines.
Select the slack of the cable - tighten the tackle so that it does not sag.
Vyblenki- pieces of thin cable tied across the cables and acting as steps when climbing along the cables to masts and topmasts.
Shot- a horizontal spar suspended under water perpendicular to the side of the ship. The shot is intended for securing boats, as well as for boarding ship crew members into boats.
Huck- a steel hook attached to the end of ropes and chains, used for lifting boats, cargo and for towing.
Biscuit- crackers made from rye or wheat flour, used on ships of the military sailing fleet in the absence of bread.
Gaff– 1. A spar tree to which the upper luff of a slanting sail is laced. 2. A spar, raised along the mast - at an angle to carry the flag during the day while moving, and at night - gaff lights.
Geek- a horizontal spar attached to the mast at a small height above the deck and with its free end facing the stern of the ship. The lower luff of the slanting sail is laced to the boom.
Gintsy- small hoists, the movable block of which is tied into some kind of tackle.
Gitovs– running rigging gear used for cleaning straight sails and trysails. The clews of straight sails pull the clew angles of the sail towards the yard. Git trysails pull the sail towards the gaff and mast.
Gorden- tackle passing through a fixed single-pulley block.
Grotto– 1. A straight sail, the lowest one on the second mast from the bow (mainmast), is tied to the main yard. 3. A word added to the names of yards, sails and rigging located above the top of the mainmast.
Mainmast– the second mast of the ship from the bow.I
Dirik-fal- running rigging gear used for lifting to the place of the intended end of the gaff.
Heaver- a tool for rigging and sailing work, which is a small cylindrical piece of wood with pointed ends. Used as a lever when ripping out ends.
Dryrep – tackle for lifting the mars-yard
Drektov– anchor rope of the boat anchor (dreka).
Heeled- the thinnest component of plant rope, twisted from fibers of hemp, agave or other plants.
Kalyshka- a loop in the cable that is formed when it is excessively twisted.
Brake– 1. A cone-shaped piece of hard wood inserted into the knot so that the latter does not tighten. 2. A small wooden block of cylindrical shape, with a round groove (kip) in the middle. Used to connect flags to the halyards on which they are raised.
Kleten- a layer of skimushgar, a thin line or wire, placed around the cable, against its descent, using a half-fly.
Service- a special type of rigging work, which consists of the following: castor is placed on a trenched and tarred cable along the descent of the cable so that each hose overlaps the next one. Having thus covered the entire cable with castor and strengthened its ends, they begin to apply a cage (skimushgar, thin line or wire) around the cable, opposite its descent, using a half-mushkel.
Jib- an oblique triangular sail placed in front of the foremast.
Bollards– paired metal cabinets cast together with a base plate. Bollards are installed on the deck and bow, stern and sides of the vessel and serve to secure cables during mooring.
Knop- a knot in the form of a thickening at the end to hold or secure the root end.
Peg- a type of knot for shortening tackle or a loop on a cable made for some purpose.
The end of the root - conventional name for the end of the cable that is fixed or not used in operation.
End of the chassis the conventional name for the end of the cable to which the pull is applied, as well as the end of the cable directly used (moved) when tying a knot.
Koush– a metal ring with a groove of appropriate thickness on its outer surface for a cable.
Coffee dowel- a wooden or metal rod with a handle at the upper end, inserted into a coffee strip socket for wrapping running rigging gear onto it.
Coffee strip– a wooden or metal beam with holes for chofel dowels. attached horizontally to the deck at the masts and at the inside of the side,
Grommet- a ring made from strands of cable. Krengels replace slings, are embedded in the luffs of sails for tying in spruits, and are placed on topmasts under the topmast rigging.
Cockpit– 1. Living quarters for the team. 2. The name of one of the decks of the sailing warship on which the crew lived.
Lightness– 1. A small bag woven from a cord, the size of a fist, filled with sand. Serves as a weight at the throwing end for its delivery. 2. In the merchant navy, this term refers to the throwing end.
Leer- a metal rod or tightly stretched plant or steel cable used for tying sails, tightening awnings, drying clothes, etc. Leirs are also called cables fastened to racks that replace the bulwark of a ship, and cables stretched to prevent people from falling overboard during a storm.
Molt- a short rope, as thick as a finger, with a knot at the end, for punishing sailors in the old navy.
Tench- a thin plant cable with a diameter of 3.8 to 11.2 millimeters, twisted from heels. Braided lines are used for signal halyards and laglines.
Liseli- additional sails in the form of trapezoids, which were placed on the outer sides of straight sails on foils.
Lissel slats- a rail to which the fox is laced. Lisel-spirits are thin spar trees on the fore- and main-yards and on the fore- and main-sails, used for staging foxes.
Lapp- a cable based between blocks or deadeyes.
Lot- a device for measuring depths. According to the principle of construction, lots are divided into manual, mechanical and echo sounders.
Lotlin- a line or cable to which the load (weight) of the lot is attached.
Eyelet- a round hole, stitched with thread or trimmed with a copper ring, in a sail, awning, etc.
Manila cable- a cable made from fiber from the leaves of the perennial herbaceous plant abaca - the spinning banana. Manila cable is 70% stronger than hemp cable and 25% lighter, it is not afraid of sea water. However, its fiber is less flexible than hemp and does not withstand as much resistance when knotted as hemp.
Brand– several cable hoses tightly placed one next to the other at the end of the cable to prevent it from unraveling.
Mars (mars site)– a platform on the top of a composite mast, attached to long salings and spreaders. On sailing ships it serves as a spacer for shrouds and as a place for some work when setting and cleaning the sails. Rangefinders and small-caliber guns were installed on the tops of warships.
Mars-Gitovs- one of the running rigging gears, with the help of which topsails are removed.
Marsa-drayrep– tackle of the running rigging of topsail yards. On topsail rigs and topsails, the topsail is suspended by its middle when the topsail is secured.
Marsa-ray– the yard to which the topsail is tied: the second yard from the bottom on the mast.
Marseilles- the second sail from the bottom on the mast, placed between the tops-yard and the lower yard.
Mast– vertical spar tree. Masts are used for installing sails, cargo booms, signaling and communication devices, for raising flag signals, etc.
Musing- a button made not at the end, but in the middle.
Knock- the end of a spar located horizontally or at some angle to the horizontal plane (boom, gaff, yard, etc.)."
Butt- a bolt in which instead of a head there is a ring or a forging with an eye in its upper part.
Ogon- a ring of cable made at the end or in the middle. This ring is usually placed on the spar.
Braid- the end of a tackle braided in a special way to prevent it from unraveling. Usually the ends of all running rigging are sealed with braids. In addition, braids cover braids on the rigging and slings of blocks, braid lanyards, etc.
Give the end- unscrew the end from the bollard by which it was wrapped, or release it if it is held in your hands: untie and release the end from the shore or from another vessel.
Guy– a cable attached to the leg of the cargo boom, with the help of which the cargo boom rotates around a vertical axis and is secured in the desired position,
Pal- a cast-iron pedestal dug into the ground, or several piles driven into the ground, behind which mooring lines are wound.
Hemp rope- vegetable rope made from hemp bast fibers.
Hawser– cable work rope, with a circumference of 4 to 6 inches (102-152 millimeters).
Perth– ropes fixed under the yards, on which people working on the yards stand.
Grab– lightly fasten: quickly tie. To grab something with a heel means to tie it up temporarily.
Strand- the second thickest component of the cable, twisted from heels. For steel cables, the strands are twisted from galvanized wires. Pull the tackle apart - release it completely, loosen the tackle.
Spar– wooden or metal parts of ships’ armament, intended for carrying sails, performing cargo operations, raising signals, etc. (masts, topmasts, yards, gaffs, booms, bowsprit, arrows, shots, jib, foxtails, etc.), which are otherwise called spar trees.
Plant rope– a cable made from plant fibers (hemp, abaca, agave, coconut, etc.).
Rhea- a spar tree suspended from the middle using a bayfoot to a mast or topmast for setting sails or for attaching signal halyards.
Reef rail- a rig on a straight sail, based parallel to the luff and used for tying the sail in reef seasons when taking reefs.
Reef season- the end woven from a shimka. One end of it has a point or button that holds it in the grommet of the sail. Serves for tying the sail when taking a reef.
Reef stairs- short cables tied into eyelets and used to reduce the sail area under high wind loads on small sailing ships.
Locker- a skiff or chest installed in the interior of a ship for storing personal belongings.
Rym– a metal ring for securing cables, blocks, stoppers, mooring ends, etc. Eyelets are installed on the deck and bulwarks of ships, at the bow and stern ends of boats, as well as on piers and embankments.
Crosstrees- a wooden or steel structure that serves to connect the topmast with its continuation in height - the toptopmast, and the toptopmast with the boom topmast and for spreading the topmast and boom topstays to the sides. Saling is a frame of two longitudinal beams - longa-salings, two or three beams intersecting with longa-salings - spreaders and a short beam parallel to the spreaders - chaka.
Pile– an iron conical nail (sometimes curved) with a flat head. Used for punching cable strands and other rigging work.
Whistles- a thin cable connecting the outer ends of the embankments inserted into the sockets of the spire. It is used to ensure that the embedments do not jump out of their places if the spire begins to rotate in the opposite direction. The whistles also serve to make it possible to place more people on the spire, since the latter can be rotated by the whistles with the same success as by the knockouts.
Sei-tali– hoists based between two-pulley and single-pulley blocks. They are used for tightening standing rigging and for lifting loads.
Anchor shackle– a bracket inserted with its bolt into the eye of the anchor spindle; used for attaching a chain rope to an anchor.
Slack cable– sagging, excess of loose tackle.
Splice– connection of the cable at the point of rupture: place where the fusion of the broken cable is made.
Staysails– oblique sails of a triangular shape.
Backstays– standing rigging, supporting topmasts.
Topmast- a spar tree that serves as an upward continuation of the mast. Depending on whether they belong to a particular mast, the topmasts are given additional names: on the foremast - fore-topmast, on the mainmast - maintopmast and on the mizzen mast - cruise topmast.
Wall-shrouds- standing rigging gear, with the help of which the topmast is held from the sides and slightly behind.
Standing rigging- rigging that serves to support and strengthen the spar.
Play off– loosen, release the cable or tackle until it fails. A cargo boom is a device for loading and unloading cargo. It is made of wood or metal and equipped with rigging made of steel or plant cables.
Strandy– components of the cable from which cable cables are twisted. Strands are made from strands, strands from heels, and heels from plant fibers or wire.
Cargo sling– a device for lifting loads on a boom hook or crane. Made from vegetable or steel cables.
Fight– temporary attachment of the end of the cable to its middle using a line or skimushgar.
Rigging- all the gear on the ship that serves to secure the spar and control it and the sails; divided into standing and running. The first serves to support and strengthen the spar, the second - for cleaning and setting sails, raising and lowering parts of the spar, cargo and signals.
Tali– a lifting device consisting of two blocks (movable and fixed), connected to each other by a cable, one end of which is fixedly fixed to one of the blocks.
Screw lanyard– a device for tightening standing rigging, steering rope, handrails, etc.
Top- the upper end of any vertical spar, such as a mast, topmast, flagpole.
Topenant- running rigging gear attached to the end of the yard and used to install the yard at one angle or another to the horizontal plane. Topenant is also called the tackle that supports the end of the cargo boom, boom, or gaff.
Poison– release, loosen the cable or tackle.
Ladder- this is what all staircases on ships are called, no matter where they are and no matter what their design.
Gangway beam- a beam that looks like a low rotating sloop-beam, equipped with hoists. Serves to support the lower platform of the outboard ladder.
Trend– the junction of the lower ends of the horns and the lower part of the spindle of the Admiralty anchor.
Training- a special type of rigging work, which consists of the following: a tightly stretched and lubricated rope is wrapped around the descent with a skimmushgar, a line or a thin cable called “friction” in order to fill the recesses (grooves) between the strands of the trenched cable. After this, the friction is driven along the descent with a hammer so that it lies flush and fills the gaps between the strands. This is done in order to prevent the accumulation of water in the recesses.
Cables– general name for rope products. Depending on the material, the cables are: steel, vegetable - from fibers of grass and plants (hemp, manila, sisal, coconut, etc.), combined (from steel wires and plant fibers), as well as from artificial fibers (nylon, nylon, perlon On warships, cables are used for standing and running rigging, for towing ends and moorings, in loading devices, in mine-trawl business, for securing objects on the ship, rigging work, etc.
Heavyweight– 1. Cargo package weighing 10 tons or more. 2. Load boom for lifting loads weighing more than 10 tons.
Copper- a spar tree that serves as a continuation of the bowsprit. A duck is a turned wooden strip or casting, fixedly fixed and used for fastening thin cables, such as flag halyards and painters. Painter - a rope attached to the bow or stern eye of a boat. The foresail is a straight sail, the lowest one on the forward mast (foremast) of the ship. Attached to the fore-yard.
Foremast– the front matcha on a ship, i.e. the first, counting from bow to stern.
Fore-Mars-ray- a horizontal spar tree that carries a mars sail. Focal ray– lower yard on the foremast.
Halies– tackle. serving for raising some spar trees (yards, gaffs), sails (jibs, staysails), flags. Depending on the purpose, they receive additional names, for example, marsa-halyard, jib-halyard, signal halyard, etc.
Fordun- standing rigging gear, which is the fastening of the topmasts. The lower ends of the forduns are attached to the sides of the ship, behind the shrouds.
Shvartov– a plant or steel cable with which the ship is secured at the berth (mooring cable).
Mooring– approach and securing a vessel using ropes (cables) to a pier, pier, wall or embankment, or to another vessel.
Mooring device– capstans, bollards, fairleads, bale strips, views, etc., designed to hold a vessel at the berth or at the side of another vessel.
Skantsy- part of the upper deck between the mainmast and mizzenmast. Luff - edge, sails trimmed with lyctross.
Pendant- a short cable with a thimble or block used for lifting boats or cargo.
Pendant with musings- a plant cable on which there are buttons every 30–40 centimeters. Used for climbing instead of ladders, for example into a boat standing under a gunshot.
Pendant ropes- short ropes, which with one of their ends are attached to the eyelets at the small bases of the hanging bunk, and with the other are connected at the rings with pins.
Pulley- a wheel made of metal or backout, mounted on an axle and having a groove (keep) for a cable along the outer cylindrical surface.
Shkimushgar- single-strand tench, twisted from beard hemp. Usually made from two or three heels.
Sheet- a tackle attached to the lower corner of the straight or lower rear corner of the oblique sail (clew angle) and carried towards the stern of the vessel. The sheets hold the luff of the sail in the desired position. Sheets are also called gear attached to the upper corners of the emergency patch.
Schlag – a loop of cable formed when it is carried around an object.
Spire- a large gate with a vertical axis that serves to lift the anchor and remove the mooring lines.
Stays– standing rigging gear supporting vertical spar trees in the center plane – masts, – topmasts, etc.
Stert- a short thin cable or line used for some auxiliary purposes.
storm ladder- a rope ladder with wooden steps, lowered to the outer side or suspended from a shotgun, and used for climbing onto the ship.
Jufers– a round wooden block without a pulley with three through holes. On ancient sailing ships, the deadeyes were tied into the lower ends of the shrouds.

The yards are suspended from the masts using buttresses, which must hold the yards at a sufficient distance from the masts so that the shrouds do not interfere with their throwing (rotation).

The beyfoot, which the ancient Romans called anguipa, was a belt formed by several cable strands. Subsequently, this belt was replaced by turned wooden balls - rax-cloths, corals or paternosters (rosaries), mounted on two or three parallel cables. The latter were held in a certain position relative to each other with the help of vertical wooden plates - rax-sliz, placed between the rax-cloths. The cables themselves, passed through rax-klots and rax-slugs.

photograph of a training ship, view from the stern.

b - shroud yoke; 7 - ezelgoft; 8 - mizzen boom; 9 - mizzen-gaff; 10 -bu-L^rik-fal; 13 - Erens backstays; 14 - gaff yoke; 15 - butt for the stern block for installing dowels; 20 - yoke with butts for mizzen boom toppers; 21 - "" - brackets; 25 - mizzen sheets.

were called rax-ropes or rax-bastards, and the cable that covered the yard and pressed it to the mast was called drossa in Italy (Fig. 298, a-b). There were various types of cable baileys or rax yokes.

At the lower yards and marsa-yards, the rax yoke was formed by three rows of rax ropes with clots (Fig. 298, c). Medium rax cable

Rice. 297 Mizzen boom and gaff of a steel mast of a modern sailing ship.

I her, lower mast; 2 "- topmast; 3 Mars; 4 - puttens shrouds; 5 -. masthead; 6 spurs topmasts; 7 shknv-gat with a pulley for the wall-pull; 8 - ezelgoft; 9 - cable yoke; 10 "" yoke for the pin (bolt) of the heel of the Ga-4el; I - a gaff frame with a pin; 12 - a yoke with a butt for attaching a block of dirk-halyard hoists; 13 ~ yoke with butts for attaching the main ends of the dirk halyard and erens backstays; 14 - pulley for wiring the trysel halyard; 13 - gaff knock; 16 - butt for the flag block; 17 - pin; 18 ~ yoke for the heel pin; 19 - gaff; 20 - mizzen boom; 21 - a yoke with a butt and a shoulder strap for sheets; 22 - yoke for boom-topenants; 23 wooden yoke for installing dowels.

at the ends it had a thimble, and the outermost ones had one krengel each. The rax yoke was installed so that it went around the aft side of the mast, like a bandage, and the free ends of the outer rax ropes, passed through the corresponding thimbles and brackets, were fastened in the middle of the yard^.

Through a deadeye (a deadeye is a wooden block without pulleys, in which two or three holes are drilled for wiring the corresponding rigging), installed in the middle of the bayfoot.

Rice. 298. Raks-yokes (cable beyfoots) of ancient ships: a - with three rows of clots; b ^- є two rows of clots; c - lower yard; d - English type; e - front yard; f - bastard of the Ryu galley.

1 - rax-klots; 2 "" cancerolysis; 3 “crayfish; і "■ end of cancer-trooos; - 5 - krey" helo; 6 e. koush.

two ends were missing - the halyard and the niral of the raks-yoke. They helped control the rax yoke when lowering and raising the yard (Fig. 299).

Since the lower yards were rarely lowered and raised, in the 18th century. The raks yoke was replaced by a simpler yoke of the English type (see Fig. 298, d). It consisted of a cable wrapped with skimushgar and trimmed with leather, at one end of which there was a krengel. The raks-yoke covered the mast, and the raks-rope, going around the yard and the mast, passed through the krengel and went down to the right of the mast.

At the end of the cable there was a block, which, together with another block installed at the side of the mast, formed a hoist. These raks-tali, or beyfut-tali, served for stuffing and etching the raks-yoke. Additionally, another cable was wound up, which went around the yard and mast and was stuffed with the help of other

^ With such wiring, the rax yoke could not be etched when lowering or raising the yard.

hoists placed on the opposite side of the mast. The English rax yoke had a halyard and a niral (Fig. 300).

The raks yoke of the top yards was almost the same as the yokes of the lower yards: it had two raks ropes with clots. Both rax cables were connected on one side and formed a krengel. The raks-yoke went around the mast, then the raks-ropes covered the yard with two or three hoists, and, passing through the yoke, were fastened. This kind of raks-yoke was used on the lower yards and topsails of small ships (see Fig. 298, f).

The mizzen-ryu rax rope also consisted of two rax ropes with clots. With one

Rice. 299. Rax yoke of the lower yard.

I - raks-yoke; 2 - mast; .5 - yard; 4 - rax yoke halyard; 5 - nn-ral raks-yoke.

Fig. 300. English type raks yoke on the lower mast.

1 - raks-yoke; 2 - mast; 3-ray; 4 - rax yoke halyard; 5 - nnral rax-yoke; 6 -■ bastard block) 7 - rax yoke hoist; 8 - second taln.

On the sides, both rax cables were woven into one end and attached to the deadeye, and on the other, they went around the yard, passed through the mentioned deadeye and were attached to a two-pulley block (Fig. 301). Another block was located at the mast on the quarterdeck and, together with the first, formed a raks-tali.

The raks-yokes of the blind-yard and bomb-blinda-yard were special cable slings (Fig. 302). The raks-ropes on the galleys - bastards - consisted of three rax-ropes with clots, but without rake-slugs (see Fig. 29c, 1).

In the 19th century Various innovations were gradually introduced into the production of rax yokes, but until the end of the century, mostly simple yokes were used.

On modern sailing ships, the bottom yards can be of different types.

Beyfoot with slings made of chains - chain beyfoot (Fig. 303) - in terms of wiring, it almost completely repeats the simplified cable rax yoke.

The iron bayfoot consists of a yoke attached to the mast below the chicks, which is connected to two yokes mounted on the yard using a swivel with a pin and a horn-shaped connecting strip. The yard itself hangs on a special chain - a borg, one end of which is attached in the middle of the yard on a yoke, and the other under the saling (Fig. 304). On steel masts, only metal bayfoots are used (Fig. 305).

There are five types of Bayfoot mars-rays. The first type is simple marsa-b< й-

Rice. 301. Rax-yoke mizzen-ryu.

Rice. 302. Rax-yoke blind-ray and bomb-blinda-rey.

ft - consists of two slings connected to each other, covered with skimushgar and trimmed with leather. It can be made of steel ends or chains (Fig. 306, a).

Marsa-bayfoot of the second type consists of one row of rax-cloths, mounted on a plant or steel cable and separated from each other in pairs by rax-slugs.

Rice. 303. Chain Bayfoot.

1 <- рей; 2 - цепной бейфут; 3 <- скоба для крепления борга; 4 леер; 5 перты; 6 блоки фала рея; 7 - обухи; 8 - оодперткя.

Rice. 304. Iron bayfoot lower yards and lower tops-yards.

1 - lower mast; 2 - topmast; 3 - top of the mast; 4 - spur topstan; 5 - slugs; 6 longa salinga; 7 - Mars; 8 - shrouds; 9 - shroud yoke; 10 ". yoke bracket; I - chicks; 12 - deadeyes of the shrouds for fastening the wall shrouds; 13 ezelgoft with a hole for the beyfoot pin of the Mars-yard; 14 - beyfoot Mars-ray; 15 - yard support post, replacing the borg; 16 -= beyfoot of the lower yard; 17 - beyfoot yoke on the mast; 18 - bayfoot yokes on the lower yard; 19 =. a butt yoke for fastening the borg; 20^borg.

The third TYPE WITH a hinged basting is a wooden attachment - a raks-clamp, mounted on the back side of the yard, with a semicircular socket for the mast in the middle. The nest is closed with a semicircular iron mark with a pin. This marking may also consist of clots (Fig. 307, b).

Rice. 305, Bayfoot lower yard on a metal mast (side and top view).

Rice. 306. Mars-yard beyfoots: a - simple beyfoot.

I - yard; 2 - mast; 3 "" bayfoot;

b - beyfoot with hinged basting.

1 - “cancer clamp”; 2 - yokes; 3 - yard; 4 - railing for attaching the upper luff of the sail; 5 - rail for tying supports; b - iron basting;

c - bayfoot with a “coupling” for the upper top yard.

1 - yard; 2 - mast; 3 w wooden coupling; 4 p. iron clip; 5 - bayfoot connecting strip; 6 - bayfoot yokes on the yardarm.

The fourth type - bayfoot with a coupling - is mainly used for topsail yards, if the vessel has double topsails (lower and upper). The coupling consists of two halves of a cylinder made of hard wood, covering the mast and enclosed in an iron cage, which is connected through a swivel to the yokes placed on the yard. The coupling can also be metal, in this case

Then it is lined with skin from the inside, which makes it easier to slide along the mast. Bayfoot of this type replaced the previous ones (Fig. 306, c).

Bayfoot of the fifth type is a cantilever-shaped frame. It rotates around a pin installed on the front side of the ezelgoft. In this case, instead of a chain borg, a metal support post is used, which is installed under the bayfoot and rests on the top (see Fig. 304).

"Whose beyfoot is placed on the lower topsail yards and lower topmost yards.

On the top- and boom-frames, either a simple backfoot of two slings covered with leather is installed, or a backfoot with a raks-clamp and a metal basting or a belt of clots (see Fig. 306, b and 307).

Bayfoot gaff. A bayfoot, formed by a number of clots without rax-slugs, is attached to the heel of the gaff, which covers the mast or trysail mast. This bayfoot allows the gaff to move along the mast and turn.

Bayfoot mizzen boom. In addition to the beyfoot, similar to the beyfoot of the gaff, the boom spur may have a metal frame with a pin, allowing it to turn (see Fig. 296 and 297).

Source: Central Maritime Club DOSAAF RSFSR. Publishing house DOSAAF. Moscow, 1987

§1. Spar.

A spar is the name given to all wooden, and on modern ships, metal parts that are used to carry sails, flags, raise signals, etc. The masts on a sailing ship include: masts, topmasts, yards, gaffs, booms, bowsprits, props, spears and shotguns.

Masts.

Salings and ezelgofts, depending on their location and belonging to a particular mast, also have their own names: for-saling, for-bram-saling, mast ezelgoft. for-sten-ezelgoft, kruys-sten-ezelgoft, bowsprit ezelgoft (connecting the bowsprit with the jib), etc.

Bowsprit.

A bowsprit is a horizontal or slightly inclined beam (inclined mast), protruding from the bow of a sailing ship, and used to carry straight sails - a blind and a bomb blind. Until the end of the 18th century, the bowsprit consisted of only one tree with a blind topmast (), on which straight blind and bomb blind sails were installed on the blind yard and bomb blind yard.
Since the end of the 18th century, the bowsprit has been lengthened with the help of a jib, and then a bom-blind (), and blind and bomb-blind sails are no longer installed on it. Here it serves to extend the stays of the foremast and its topmasts and to attach the bow triangular sails - jibs and staysails, which improved the propulsion and agility of the ship. At one time, triangular sails were combined with straight ones.
The bowsprit itself was attached to the bow of the ship using a water-vuling made of a strong cable, and later (19th century) and chains. To tie the wooling, the main end of the cable was attached to the bowsprit, then the cable was passed through the hole in the bowdiged, around the bowsprit, etc. Usually they installed 11 hoses, which were tightened in the middle with transverse hoses. From the sliding of the guards and stays along the bowsprit, several wooden attachments were made on it - bis ().
Bowstrits with a jib and bom-jib had a vertical martin boom and horizontal blind gaffs for carrying the standing rigging of the jib and bom-jib.

Rhea.

A ray is a round, spindle-shaped spar that tapers evenly at both ends, called noks ().
Shoulders are made at both legs, close to which perts, slings of blocks, etc. are pinned. Yards are used for attaching straight sails to them. The yards are attached in the middle to the masts and topmasts in such a way that they can be raised, lowered and rotated horizontally to set the sails in the most advantageous position relative to the wind.
At the end of the 18th century, additional sails appeared - foxes, which were placed on the sides of the main sails. They were attached to small yards - lisel-spirits, extended to the sides of the ship along the main yard through the yoke ().
Yards also take names depending on their belonging to one or another mast, as well as on their location on the mast. So, the names of the yards on various masts, counting them from bottom to top, are as follows: on the foremast - fore-yard, fore-mars-yard, fore-front-yard, fore-bom-front-yard; on the main mast - main-yard, main-marsa-ray, main-bram-ray, main-bom-bram-ray; on the mizzen mast - begin-ray, cruisel-ray, cruis-bram-ray, cruis-bom-bram-ray.

Gaffs and booms.

The gaff is a special yard, strengthened obliquely at the top of the mast (behind it) and raised up the mast. On sailing ships it was used to fasten the upper edge (luff) of the oblique sail - trysail and oblique mizzen (). The heel (inner end) of the gaff has a wooden or metal mustache covered with leather, holding the gaff near the mast and encircling it like a grab, both ends of which are connected to each other by a bayfoot. Bayfoot can be made of vegetable or steel cable, covered with leather or with balls placed on it, the so-called raks-klots.

To set and remove sails on ships with oblique rigs and mizzen oblique sails, the gaff is raised and lowered with the help of two running rigging gear - a gaff-gardel, which lifts the gaff by the heel, and a dirik-halyard, which lifts the gaff by the toe - the outer thin end ().
On ships with direct rigging, the oblique sails - trysails - are pulled (when they are retracted) to the gaff by gaffs, but the gaff is not lowered.
Booms are used to stretch the lower luff of oblique sails. The boom is movably fastened with a heel (the inner end to the mast using a swivel or mustache, like a gaff (). The outer end of the boom (knob) when the sail is set is supported by a pair of topenants, strengthened on one side and the other of the boom.
Gaffs and booms, armed with an oblique sail on the mizzen, began to be used in the Russian fleet approximately from the second half of the 18th century, and in the times of Peter the Great, a Latin yard (ryu) was hung obliquely on the mizzen to carry a Latin triangular sail. Such a yard was raised in an inclined position so that one leg (rear) was raised high, and the other was lowered almost to the deck ()
Having familiarized ourselves with each spar tree separately, we will now list all the spar trees according to their location on the sailing ship, with their full name ():
I - knyavdiged; II - latrine; III - crumble; IV - bulwark, on top of it - sailor's bunks; V - fore-beam and stay-stays; VI - mainsail channel and stay cables; VII - mizzen channel and shrouds; VIII - right sink: IX - balconies; X - main-wels-barhout; XI - chanel-wels-barhout: XII - shir-wels-barhout; XIII - shir-strek-barkhout; XIV - rudder feather.

§2. Basic proportions of spar trees for battleships.

The length of the mainmast is determined by the length of the ship along the gondeck, folded to its greatest width and divided in half. The length of the foremast is 8/9, and the mizzen mast is 6/7 the length of the mainmast. The length of the main and foremast tops is 1/6, and the mizzen mast top is 1/8-2/13 of their length. The largest diameter of the masts is located at the forward deck and is 1/36 for the foremast and main mast, and 1/41 of their length for the mizzen mast. The smallest diameter is under the top and is 3/5-3/4, and the spur has 6/7 of the largest diameter.
The length of the main topmast is equal to 3/4 of the length of the main mast. The length of the topmasts is 1/9 of the entire length of the topmast. The largest diameter of the topmasts is found in mast ezelgofts and is equal to 6/11 of the diameter of the mainmast for the main and fore topmasts, and 5/8 of the diameter of the mizzen mast for the cruise topmast. The smallest diameter under the top is 4/5 of the largest.
The length of the topmasts, made into one tree with the boom topmasts and their flagpoles (or tops), is made up of: the length of the topmast equal to 1/2 of its topmast, the boom topmast - 5/7 of its topmast topmast and flagstaff equal to 5/7 of its topmast. The largest diameter of the topmast at the ezelgoft wall is 1/36 of its length, the boom topmast is 5/8 of the topmast diameter, and the smallest diameter of the flagpole is 7/12 of the topmast diameter.
The length of the bowsprit is 3/5 of the length of the mainmast, the largest diameter (at the bulwark above the stem) is equal to the diameter of the mainmast or 1/15-1/18 less than it. The lengths of the jib and bom jib are 5/7 of the length of the bowsprit, the largest diameter of the jib is 8/19, and the bom jib is 5/7 of the diameter of the bowsprit is 1/3 from their lower ends, and the smallest is at the legs - 2/3 largest diameter.
The length of the main yard is equal to the width of the ship multiplied by 2 plus 1/10 of the width. The total length of both legs is 1/10, and the largest diameter is 1/54 of the length of the yard. The length of the main-tops-yard is 5/7 of the main-yard, the legs are 2/9, and the largest diameter is 1/57 of the length of the main-tops-yard. The length of the main top-yard is 9/14 of the main top-yard, the legs are 1/9 and the largest diameter is 1/60 of this yard. All sizes of the fore-yard and fore-tops-yard are 7/8 of the size of the mainsail and main-tops-yard. The Begin-ray is equal to the main-marsa-yard, but the length of both legs is 1/10 of the length of the yard, the cruisel-yard is equal to the main-bram-yard, but the length of both legs is 2/9 of the length of the yard, and the cruis-brow-yard equal to 2/3 of the main beam. All bom-bram-yards are equal to 2/3 of their bram-yards. Blinda-ray is equal to for-Mars-ray. The largest diameter of the yards is in their middle. The yards from the middle to each end are divided into four parts: on the first part from the middle - 30/31, on the second - 7/8, on the third - 7/10 and at the end - 3/7 of the largest diameter. The mizzen boom is equal to the length and thickness of the fore- or main-tops yard. Its largest diameter is above the tailrail. The mizzen gaff is 2/3 long, and the boom is 6/7 thick, its largest diameter is at the heel. The length of the martin booms is 3/7, and the thickness is 2/3 of a jig (there were two of them until the second quarter of the 19th century).
The main topmast is 1/4 the length of the main topmast and 1/2 the width of the ship. The fore-topsight is 8/9, and the cruise-topsight is 3/4 of the main topsea. The main saling has long salings 1/9 the length of its topmast, and spreaders 9/16 the width of the topsail. For-saling is equal to 8/9, and kruys-saling is 3/4 of grot-saling.

§3. Standing rigging spar.

The bowsprit, masts and topmasts on a sailing ship are secured in a specific position using special rigging called standing rigging. Standing rigging includes: shrouds, forduns, stays, backstays, perths, as well as the jib and boom jib of the lifeline.
Once wound, the standing rigging always remains motionless. Previously it was made from thick plant cable, and on modern sailing ships it was made from steel cable and chains.
Shrouds are the name given to standing rigging gear that strengthens masts, topmasts and topmasts from the sides and somewhat from the rear. Depending on which spar tree the cable stays hold, they receive additional names: fore-stays, fore-wall-stays, fore-frame-wall-stays, etc. The shrouds also serve to lift personnel onto masts and topmasts when working with sails. For this purpose, hemp, wood or metal castings are strengthened across the cables at a certain distance from each other. Hemp bleachings were tied to the shrouds with a bleaching knot () at a distance of 0.4 m from one another.

The lower shrouds (hemp) were made the thickest on sailing ships, their diameter on battleships reached up to 90-100 mm, the wall-shrouds were made thinner, and the top-wall-shrouds were even thinner. The shrouds were thinner than their shrouds.
The topmasts and topmasts are additionally supported from the sides and somewhat from the rear by forduns. Forduns are also named after the masts and topmasts on which they stand. For example, for-sten-forduns, for-bram-sten-forduns, etc.
The upper ends of the shrouds and forduns are attached to the mast or topmast using ogons (loops) put on the tops of masts, topmasts and topmasts (). Cable stays, wall-cables and frame-wall-cables are made in pairs, i.e. from one piece of cable, which is then folded and cut according to the thickness of the top on which it is applied. If the number of shrouds on each side is odd, then the last shroud to the stern, including the forduns, are made split (). The number of shrouds and forearms depends on the height of the mast and the carrying capacity of the vessel.
The shrouds and forduns were stuffed (tightened) with cable hoists on deadeyes - special blocks without pulleys with three holes for a cable lanyard, with the help of which the shrouds and forduns are stuffed (tensioned). On modern sailing ships, the rigging is covered with metal screw shrouds.
In former times, on all military sailing ships and large merchant ships, in order to increase the angle at which the lower shrouds and forduns go to the masts, powerful wooden platforms - rusleni () - were strengthened on the outer side of the ship, at deck level.

The shrouds were secured with shrouds forged from iron strips. The lower end of the shrouds was attached to the side, and the deadeyes were attached to their upper ends so that the latter almost touched their lower part with the channel.
The upper deadeyes are tied into the shrouds and forduns using lights and benzels (marks) (). The root end of the lanyard is attached to the hole in the shroud-jock using a turnbuckle button, and the running end of the lanyard, after tightening the shrouds, having made several slags around them, is attached to the shroud using two or three benzels. Having established turnbuckles between all the deadeyes of the lower shrouds, they tied an iron rod to them on top of the deadeyes - vorst (), which prevented the deadeyes from twisting, keeping them at the same level. The topmast shrouds were equipped in the same way as the lower shrouds, but their deadeyes were somewhat smaller.
The standing rigging gear that supports the spars (masts and topmasts) in the center plane in front is called forestays, which, like the lower shrouds, were made of thick cable. Depending on which spar tree the stays belong to, they also have their own names: fore-stay, fore-stay-stay, fore-stay, etc. The headlights of the stays are made the same as those of the shrouds, but their sizes are larger (). The forestays are stuffed with lanyards on forestay blocks ().
Standing rigging also includes perths - plant ropes on yards (see), on which sailors stand while working with sails on yards. Usually one end of the perts is attached to the end of the yardarm, and the other in the middle. The perths are supported by props - sections of cable attached to the yard.

Now let's see what the complete standing rigging will look like on a sailing 90-gun, two-deck battleship of the late 18th and early 19th centuries with its full name (): 1 - water stays; 2 - Martin stay; 3 - Martin stay from the boom stay (or lower backstay); 4 - forestay; 5 - for-elk-stay; 6 - fore-elk-stay-stay (serves as a rail for the fore-top-staysail); 7 - fore-stay-stay; 8 - jib-rail; 9 - fore-gateway-wall-stay; 10 - boom-jib-rail; 11 - fore-bom-gateway-wall-stay; 12 - mainstay; 13 - main-elk-stay; 14 - main-elk-wall-stay; 15-mainsail-stay; 18 - mizzen stay; 19 - cruise-stay-stay; 20 - cruise-brow-stay-stay; 21 - cruise-bom-bram-wall-stay; 22 water tank stays; 23 - jib-backstays; 24 - boom-jumper-backstays; 25 - fore shrouds; 26 - fore-wall-shrouds; 27-fore-frame-wall-shrouds; 28 - for-sten-forduns; 29 - for-bram-wall-forduns; 30 - for-bom-bram-sten-forduns; 31 - main shrouds; 32 - main-wall-shrouds; 33 - main-frame-wall-shroud; 34 - main-sten-forduns; 35 - grotto-gateway-wall-forduny; 36 - grotto-bom-bram-wall-forduny; 37 - mizzen shrouds; 38 - cruise-wall-shroud; 39 - cruise-bram-wall-shroud; 40 - kruys-sten-forduny; 41 - kruys-bram-sten-forduny; 42 - kruys-bom-bram-sten-fortuny.

§4. The order of application, places of traction and thickness of hemp standing rigging.

Water stays, 1/2 thick of the bowsprit, are inserted into a hole in the leading edge of the bowsprit, attached there and raised to the bowsprit, where they are pulled by cable turnbuckles located between the deadeyes. The water backstays (one on each side) are hooked behind the butts, driven into the hull under the crimps, and are pulled from the bowsprit like water stays.
Then the shrouds are applied, which are made in pairs, with a thickness of 1/3 of their mast. Each end assigned to a pair of cables is folded in half and a bend is made at the bend using a benzel. First, the front right, then the front left pair of shrouds, etc. are put on the top of the mast. If the number of cables is odd, then the latter is made split, i.e. single. The shrouds are pulled by cable lanyards, based between the deadeyes tied into the lower ends of the shrouds, and the deadeyes fastened at the channel with the shrouds. Fore and main stays are made 1/2 thick, mizzen stays - 2/5 of their masts, and elk stays - 2/3 of their stays (hemp cables are measured by the circumference, and spars - by the largest diameter).
They are put on the tops of the masts so that they cover the long-salings with the lights. The forestay and forestay are pulled by cable turnbuckles on the bowsprit, the mainstay and mainstay are on the deck on the sides and in front of the foremast, and the mizzen stay branches into legs and is attached to the deck on the sides of the mainstay. mast or passes through the thimble on the mainmast and stretches on the deck.
The main-shrouds, 1/4 thick of their topmasts, are pulled on the top platform by turnbuckles, mounted between the deadeyes tied into the main-shrouds and the deadeyes fastened to the shrouds. The topmasts, 1/3 of the thickness of their topmasts, stretch on the channels like shrouds. The mainstays have a thickness of 1/3, and the elk-stays have a thickness of 1/4 of their topmasts, the fore-stay-stay is carried into a pulley on the right side of the bowsprit, and the fore-stay-stay - on the left. The main-stay-stay and the main-elk-stay-stay are carried through the pulleys of the blocks on the foremast and are pulled by the gypsum on the deck. The stay-stay cruise passes through the block pulley on the mainmast and extends on the topsail.
The standing rigging of the jib and boom jib is made 1/4 thick of its spar trees. Each marin stay is passed sequentially into the holes of its martin boom (there are two of them), where it is held with a button, then into the pulley of the block on the toe of the jig, into the pulley on the martin boom and on the bowsprit, and is pulled onto the forecastle. The jib backstays (two on each side) are tied with the middle end to the jib of the jib, their ends are inserted into thimbles near the legs of the blind yard and are pulled on the forecastle. The bom-jugger-backstay is also applied and pulled. The Martin stay from the boom jib is attached with the middle end to the end of the jib jib. and passing through the pulleys on the martin boom and bowsprit, it stretches to the forecastle.
The top stays and top stays are made 2/5 thick, and the top stays are made 1/2 of their top topmasts. The top shrouds are passed through holes in the saling spreaders, pulled up to the topmast and descended along the top shrouds to the top, where they are pulled by turnbuckles through thimbles at their ends. The fore-forestay passes into a pulley at the end of the jib and stretches on the forecastle, the main-forestay goes into a pulley on the fore-topmast, and the cruise-forestay goes into a pulley at the top of the mainmast and both are pulled on the deck.
Bom-bram-rigging is carried out and pulled like a bram-rigging.

§5. Running rigging spar.

Running rigging of a spar refers to all movable gear through which work is carried out related to lifting, selecting, pickling and turning spar trees - yards, gaffs, shots, etc.
The running rigging of the spar includes girdles and driers. halyards, braces, topenants, sheets, etc.
On ships with direct sails, the guards are used to raise and lower the lower yards with sails (see) or gaffs (its heels); dryropes for lifting the topsails, and halyards for lifting the top-yards and boom-yards, as well as oblique sails - jibs and staysails.
The tackle with which the toe of the gaff is raised and supported is called a dirik-halyard, and the tackle that lifts the gaff by the heel along the mast is called a gaff-gardel.
The gear that serves to support and level the ends of the yards is called topenants, and for turning the yards - brahms.
Now let's get acquainted with all the running rigging of the spar, with its full names, according to its location on the ship ():

Gear used for raising and lowering the yards: 1 - fore-yard girdle; 2 - for-mars-drayrep; 3 - fore-tops-halyard; 4 - fore-bram-halyard; 5 - fore-bom-bram-halyard; 6 - gardel of the mainsail; 7 - main-marsa-drayrep; 8 - mainsail-halyard; 9 main halyard; 10 - main-bom-brow-halyard; 11 - gardel-begin-ray; 12 - cruise-topsail-halyard; 13 - cruise-marsa-drairep; 14 - cruise halyard; 15 - cruise-bom-bram-halyard; 16 - gaff-gardel; 17 - dirk-halyard.
Gear used to support and level the ends of the yards: 18 - blind-toppenants; 19 - foka-topenants; 20 - fore-mars-topenants; 21 - for-bram-topenants; 22 - for-bom-bram-topenants; 23 - mainsail-topenants; 24 - main-mars-topenants; 25 - main-frame-topenants; 26 - main-bom-bram-topenants; 27 - beguin-topenants; 28 - cruise-marsa-topenants; 29 - cruis-bram-topenants; 30-kruys-bom-bram-topenants; 31 - mizzen-geek-topenants; 31a - mizzen-geek-topenant pendant.
Gear used for turning the yards: 32 - blind-tris (bram-blinda-yard); 33 - fore-braces; 34 - fore-tops-braces; 35 - fore-braces; 36 - fore-bom-braces; 37 - main-contra-braces; 38 - mainsail braces; 39 - main-topsail-braces; 40 - main-frame-braces; 41 - main-bom-braces; 42 - beguin braces; 43 - cruise-tops-braces; 44 - cruise-braces; 45 - cruise-bom-braces; 46 - Erins backstays; 47 - blockage; 48 - mizzen-gym-sheet.

§6. Wiring of the running rigging shown in.

The foresail and mainsail are based between two or three-pulley blocks, two are strengthened under the topsail and two near the middle of the yard. The begin-gardel is based between one three-pulley block under the topsail and two single-pulley blocks on the yard. The running ends of the guards are mounted on bollards.
The fore- and main-mars-drires are attached with the middle end to the topmast, their running ends are each carried into their own blocks on the yardarm and under the saling, and blocks are woven into their ends. Marsa halyards are based between these blocks and the blocks on the riverbeds. Their flaps are pulled through the side bollards. The cruisel-marsa-drayrep is taken with its root end in the middle of the yard, and the running gear is passed through a pulley in the topmast under the saling and a block of the top-sailing halyard is inserted into its end, which is based on a mantyl - the root end is attached to the left channel, and the hoist to the right.
The top and boom halyards are taken with the root end in the middle of their yard, and the running ends are guided into the pulley of their topmast and pulled by the hulls: the top halyards are on the deck, and the boom halyards are on the topside.
The gaff-gardel is based between the block on the heel of the gaff and the block under the cruis-tops. The main end of the halyard is attached to the top of the topmast, and the running end is carried through the blocks on the gaff and the top of the mast. Their running ends are attached to bollards.
The blind-toppings are based between the blocks on both sides of the bowsprit eselgoft and on the ends of the blind-yard, and their flaps stretch on the forecastle. The foresail and main-topenants are based between three- or two-pulley blocks, and the beguin-topenants are based between two- or single-pulley blocks on both sides of the mast ezelgoft and on both ends of the yards. Their running ends, passed through the “dog holes”, are attached to bollards. The middle end of the top-stops is attached to the topmast, and the running ends, taken with a half-bayonet by the front shrouds, are inserted into blocks on the yard legs, into the lower pulleys of the butt blocks. through the “dog holes” and are attached next to the lower topenants. The bram- and bom-bram-topenants are put on with a point on the legs of the yard and, carried through the blocks on their topmasts, stretch: the bram-toppenant on the deck, and the bom-bram-topenants on the topsail. The boom-topenants are taken with the middle end of the boom leg, carried out on both sides of it, as shown in the figure, and pulled with grips at the heel of the boom.
The fore-braces are attached with the middle end to the top of the mainmast, are carried, as can be seen in the figure, and are pulled on the bollards of the mainmast. The main-braces are based between the blocks at the side of the poop and on the legs of the main-yard and extend through the side bollards. The main-contra-braces are based on top of the fore-braces between the blocks on the foremast and the yard legs and extend at the foremast. The main ends of the begin braces are taken by the rear main shrouds, and the running gears are passed through blocks on the yard legs and on the rear main shrouds and are attached to the tile strip at the side. Mars braces are attached at the middle end to the topmast, are carried into the shrouds, as shown in the figure, and are pulled on the deck. The fore- and main-braces are attached with the middle end to the gate or boom-brow-topmast and are carried into blocks at the ends of the yards and into blocks near the main end and stretch along the deck. Cruys-brams and all bom-brass are put on the ends of their yards, held as shown in the figure, and pulled on the deck.