Heavenly mountains of the Tien Shan. Northern Tien Shan Tien Shan reborn mountains

From the blogger's memoirs: Low emerald grass underfoot, endless blue sky above. Somewhere in the distance above the clouds, very close to space, sleeps a snow-white dragon - as ancient as our world.

The heavy silver plates of its ridge glowed brightly with ruby ​​against the deep sea of ​​the sky. The prickly, horse-bitten grass underfoot is covered with evening dew. We spend our last day in the Heavenly Mountains, remembering how we managed to climb almost into space.
The plane landed in Almaty. It turned out to be cheaper than flying to Bishkek. At night we have to get to Karakol. We drive along the Trans-Ili Alatau to Bishkek. The sun sets behind the desert land of Kazakhstan, illuminating the vastness of the ocher mountains with its last rays. The border with Kyrgyzstan at night - and we are already half asleep driving a Delika (this is an all-wheel drive minibus based on the Mitsubishi Pajero) along the Kyrgyz roads. It was one of the most difficult nights for me: the driver, a rude Russian man, apparently had not slept for several days. But the Delica is a car from Japan, with right-hand drive - and sitting in the traditional driver’s seat for me turned out to be like riding a roller coaster, the bolts of which are ready to pop out at any minute. The night was too long - both for me and for the driver. In the morning, before dawn, half asleep, I saw the soft, barely noticeable waves of the Issyk-Kul mirror. Like the crimson of dawn, a huge lake spilled over the valley. The driver feels really bad in the morning - he feels pounding, shaking from lack of sleep, and turns inside out. Cold water, nuts, wind in the face - almost nothing helps. Sometimes it cuts out right on the road, and the car is pulled to the side into a few oncoming cars. You have to push the steering wheel a couple of times to avoid a collision and wake up the poor fellow. The peak of the Crystal Mountains looms ahead with a pink jagged edge. Dawn brings life and lightness, and lets go of the fear for their children a little. An orderly row of poplars, Karakol Bay - all this is now perceived as a gateway to a new world.
The car brought us to the Khanina camp site. This is the patron saint of all local tourists. A short, mustachioed, bald man, calm as a rock, opens the gates of his house for us early in the morning so that we can prepare for our first meeting with the Tien Shan. Based on the sad experience of last night, I decide that after transferring from Alma-Ata, it would also be better to turn to Khanin. You can rent equipment from Igor, buy gas, and go into the mountains as a watchman, and in the virtual absence of the Kyrgyz Ministry of Emergency Situations, he fulfills its role. But at the same time, of course, you need insurance, ready before the trip itself.
The watchman actively smears us across the seats on the mountain road. It’s probably hard to come up with a car more suitable than the ZIL for mountain roads and making tourists sick (more likely, turning us into an omelette).
The watchwoman brought us to the Karakol mountain camp. “Alpine camp” is a loud word, there are only a few large tarpaulin tents here, but there is everything a tourist needs: food, a bathhouse on wheels (for a couple of people), a clearing for tents. The only stone structure of the mountaineering camp is the toilet.
1. Around the Karakol alpine camp it is very convenient to walk radial routes for several days - which we took advantage of. Tourists visiting the Tien Shan have a long and very strange tradition of making loops around Lake Alakol and the Karakol alpine camp. Some people are attracted by aesthetics: views of the lake from passes and snowy peaks. And for some it’s just an opportunity to gobble up another watermelon in the climbing camp after finishing the ring and drag another one to the foot of the glacier, leaving part of the equipment in the climbing camp.
So we left the delivery, prudently made sure that there were watermelons, and hit the road. From the Karakol alpine camp a path rises up through thickets, clearings and dense forests. The trail leads up through waterfalls and gorges. Further, closer to the sky, clouds. The sun here becomes brighter, there is less air, but the pleasant azure overhead gives strength to move towards the goal - to Lake Alakol. Thus begins our wonderful hike through the emerald Heavenly Mountains. It seems that an abyss separates us from distant sharp peaks floating like graceful crystal above the clouds.


2. The first few days after the city feel so unusual in this world! There is fresh air, wind in your face, hard climbs, and delicious lunches by babbling streams. You remember - and at first you don’t believe that such worlds exist. You think you dreamed. But when you close your eyes, you see and feel how the wind smoothes the grass on the peaks, and the mountains pick up the clouds, playing with them in flight.


3. The kilometer of elevation gain on the first day is not easy: we crawl like a train along a mountain path through fields of flowers, crossing streams, stopping in the shade of trees. Despite the severity of the route, you feel light and free.
4. Our reward for our efforts is a view of Lake Alakol in the evening at an altitude of 3.5 thousand meters. The lake feeds a large glacier from the Karakol wall, and it flows out into a narrow drain. It’s as if someone removed the plug from the banks - and the lake slowly merges, giving rise to a large waterfall. We decide to stand on the other side of the “drain”. It would seem that one jump and you are on the other side. But I’m very worried about my guys: below there is an abyss, the water is rushing down like a raging stream of a waterfall.


5. In the evening – our first stop on the lake shore. The Milky Way is clearly visible here, the night is cold and moonless. While I was filming, I almost sat in the lake, but it was getting cold! (however, this did not discourage the girls from wanting to swim).

6. In the morning - early rise, we climb to the Northern Alakol Pass to look at the lake from above, and descend into the Arashan Valley. “Alakol” means “Motley Lake” in Kyrgyz. And like any self-respecting mountain lake, its color changes depending on the strength of the wind, light, and weather. Meteorologists say so, but we believe that the motley lake has its own character. For example, on this gloomy day the lake seems to glow from within, not letting us get bored.


7. And someone even left a heart here.

8. Lead clouds fly from Issyk-Kul in the afternoon. As it turns out later, it’s like this here every day. The morning is clear, the freshness of the mountains, pure colors greets us, and the clouds see us off into the night, sometimes pouring rain or greeting us with snow. I am always accompanied by a couple of good angels, so I managed to capture them - they are trying to conjure the sun. Yes, yes, but did you think that only the camera takes photographs? Angels are also very important.


9. After sitting a little above the clouds, approaching the Cosmos, we slowly descend down to the Arashan valley.


10. You can hardly find greener mountains than the Tien Shan. And at sunset, the fine grass softly reflects the rays falling on it - and it seems that millions of sunbeams playfully skip between the emerald blades of grass. The mountains live, breathe and wait for the traveler, and the sun sometimes sends him farewell rays on a cool evening. Along the way we meet yurts, the Kirghiz wave warmly to us and smile with silver teeth.


11. Somewhere in the Arashan Valley there are thermal hydrogen sulfide springs hidden, but we pass by - we go around the ridge and again approach the snowy wall of the mountains.

12. The Tien Shan cannot be confused with any mountains: such an abundance of livestock, green lawns, and highest peaks cannot be found anywhere else. The pine trees in the valleys pierce the sky with tall, straight arrows, and the horses follow us with their gaze. It feels like the mountains are breathing, living – these are the brightest, greenest mountains I’ve ever been to. Even on a cloudy day at the foot of the glaciers, emerald fields of short grass spread out before the viewer.


13. And our path goes up again. We made the route in rings so that we could always go down to the mountain camp. And it’s always difficult to understand the scale when planning on a map: almost every day we had to either go up or down a whole kilometer! It’s the same today: a long, drawn-out climb to the pass among the cold mountains, under the drizzling rain.


14. High in the mountains there is a completely different world. Rocks dominate here, harsh, cold stones surround small clearings of grass. But even here streams gurgle, gophers peek busily out of their holes, and whistle warily. The whistle reflects a booming echo from the mountain range.


15. It feels like you are preparing to storm a big castle.

16. The morning greets with fog, we climbed under the very clouds. Taking the Taktyktor Pass in such weather is not an easy task. Therefore, we prepare as best we can.


17. For example, apply cream (a very important task when you have nothing to do!).

18. We storm stone walls and sharp rocks.

19. The glacial lakes under the Taktyktor pass (in common parlance - Traktor) offer a traditionally wonderful view. It feels like meteorites hit the earth and left these craters. Somewhere on the right the traces of tourists are lost, we descend along them.


20. We fall waist-deep into wet snow, it’s hard to walk. The glacier is closed, with a lot of snow - so we go in groups. We pass the remains of the first “meteorite”.


21. Wet, frozen, but happy, we get out to the open part of the glacier, where the ice under our feet is already solid. It feels like you are standing in a crystal bowl, the mountains support the sky. Here you are so close to the sky, to the clouds, that it seems you can reach them with your hand. Sasha is attempting to reach the nearest peak :-)

22. Impressive snow cornices rise on the peaks, and somewhere below, in the valley, the emerald grass is still green and the rivers are roaring.


23. Climbers and girls conquered the Traktor pass.

24. To understand the scale of the “glacial puddle”, you can look for a person in the frame. A giant dish with soft edges is attractive; between such lakes there is a complex system of ice bridges.


25. The glacier twists in tongues, cutting into the mountains with soft lines. We go down it, but the piercing wind does not let us in, greeting us with new sharp gusts.


26. But at the parking lot the sun and soft grass, flowering fields and lakes lost in pockets of moraines await us. Streams from the glacier gather into a large rapid stream, which spreads like an oasis at the foot of the valley, feeding the soil.

27. From the book about Semenov Tien-Shansky:
“From the moment Semenov saw the Heavenly Mountains, they bewitched him. He continuously looked at the snowy and colorful peaks, discovering more and more new beauty in them. Their giant horseshoe hung over the wild gardens, over the Ili Valley. Semenov saw how weightless clouds were born in dark holes. With incomprehensible speed they thicken into thunderclouds, and stifling direct showers fall on the valleys. He saw green and dark spots in the gardens; they floated over each other, connected with each other and changed colors, like waves in the solar wind. And on the left was the Kyrgyz steppe, already completely reminiscent of a foggy sea. It shimmered like the sea, with smoky air, shifting swells of sand, and wide shadows of clouds sliding in all directions.”


28.


29.

30.


31.


32. In the evening, giant clouds rise from Issyk-Kul again. They overcome the ridges in a measured and orderly manner, waddling. It’s as if they reluctantly climb to the top. And the evening sun begins to break through them.


33. It turns out that we chose the most beautiful point for spending the night - from here you can see both the lake and the setting sun. This is a place for meditation and contemplation of wonderful natural phenomena.


34. And nature did not skimp on them: a wonderful rainbow over the Heavenly Mountains appeared for a moment in the rays of the setting sun.


35. When such wonderful things happen in the mountains, you want to jump for joy and happiness. Everything happens in a matter of seconds - but there are so many emotions: wind, rain, and snow over the mountain peaks. The light moves, emphasizing the contours of the mountains. The landscape comes to life and becomes spiritual at such moments.


36. In the evening, all the flowers drooped, the cold fell from the sky, and filled all the shadows of the stones with heavy tones.


37. And in the morning - again the warm sun, the quiet air of the valley. And only the whistle of marmots pierces the clean, clear atmosphere with an arrow.


38. One of the moraine lakes (which looked like a heart in the photographs above) reflects the deep wrinkles of the ancient mountains.


39. Our “motley lake” is very calm today. The azure sky is still lazily sleeping in the reflection, preserving the calm of the morning in cozy bays.

40. Today we have to return to the “drain” of the lake again, walk along its right bank.


41. The calmness of the lake is short-lived - after a while it will begin to slowly wake up, stretch, and again change its mood to some other color - whatever it wants today.


42. It is especially pleasant to find yourself on the shore of Alakol after the glacier - the warmth of the sun warms the soul.

43. And in the next part we will continue our journey through the Tien Shan and go to new heights! :-)

“Heavenly Mountains” are well known to any Chinese. This is what the Tien Shan mountain system is called in China. China is not the only country with celestial mountain ranges. The rocky formation crosses countries such as Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Tajikistan. The ridge stretches across all of Central Asia.

Features of high mountains

The Tien Shan system has many peaks reaching heights of 6000 meters or more. The unique mountains also have an amazing ecosystem. Their appearance and views are indescribably beautiful, and the pits between them are replete with lakes. There are also fast rivers at the foot of the mountains.

The total length of the ridge is 2500 km. The entire mountain system is divided into the following areas:

• Central;
• Northern;
• Oriental;
• West;
• Southwestern.

The highest point of the ridge is Pobeda Peak. Its total height is 7439 meters. At one time, Pyotr Semenov and Thomas Atkinson were involved in research on the system. Subsequently, these figures published books about the Tien Shan mountain system, describing their travels and observations in them. They made many discoveries that helped to better understand the ecosystem of the Tien Shan range.

Famous mountain lake

Lake Tianchi is a natural landmark of China. It is located in the Tien Shan mountain system, 100 km from Urumqi. The height of the lake above sea level is 1900 meters. This is the same jade pond, the waters of which in ancient times were endowed with magical properties.

Legends say that the Goddess Sivanmu herself once bathed in the waters of the lake. The reservoir is fed by mountain glaciers, so the water in it is very clean. The nature around is untouched by man and incredibly beautiful.

In summer, tourists relax near the shores of Tianchi, but the water in the lake is not suitable for swimming, as it still remains too cold even on the hottest days.

Tianchi is a lake, looking into which you can see its sandy bottom, as well as reflections of snow-white peaks.

Climate around the Chinese mountains

The arid and sharply continental climate of the Tien Shan is characterized by snowy winters and hot summers.

The higher the mountain peaks are, the more precipitation there is. Some mountainous areas are subject to strong winds. The lowlands of the mountain range receive little rainfall and are most suitable for tourism.

Wildlife of the Tien Shan

The mountain range is listed as a UNESCO heritage site. Its territory is inhabited by ferrets, hares, jerboas, gophers, mole voles, mice, rats and poisonous snakes.

Birds are represented in the form of larks, sandgrouses, eagles, bustards and partridges. Of the large animals, the ridge is favored by brown bears, lynxes, wild boars, wolves, foxes, badgers, martens, squirrels and roe deer.

Sometimes you can see a snow leopard in the highlands. This predator is listed in the Red Book, so they are a rare guest in all their habitats.

Tulips and irises grow on the slopes of the Tien Shan. Tansy trees, cedars, spruces, and aspens grow tall. These places are full of herbs and valuable medicinal plants. During the flowering period of various herbs, the mountain range turns into a colorful fairy tale.

Tien Shan and tourism

The main type of tourism on the territory of the ridge is hiking and mountaineering. Near the mountain range in Kufu there is a Confucian temple. At some bases there are ski slopes.

There are tourist areas and hotels around the mountains. There are restaurants, nearby cities have all the infrastructure a person needs.

In some places you can ride a cable car. The most popular hiking trails are equipped with parking lots for tourists. Sometimes at high altitudes there are campsites and hotels with private rooms. The Tien Shan is so vast and unpredictable that it does not tolerate a rash approach. It is best to go to the mountains with a trusted instructor, observing safety precautions, and notifying the relevant Chinese authorities about your route.

Tien Shan has stunning views, rare nature, clean air and healing energy in the atmosphere. These mountains have always been considered one of the pearls of China, of which, by the way, there are quite a few in the country. They beckoned and beckoned tourists to their heights, opening up unprecedented places for the bravest of them, etched in their memory like the best memories.

Almaty

Tragedy at Pobeda in 1955. Tien Shan

Committee on Physical Culture and Sports
Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR
Republican Club of Mountaineers and
tourists. REPORT about the work of high-altitude sports research
expeditions to the Central Tien Shan to Pobeda Peak
7.439.3 meters.
/ July - September 1955 / Alma-Ata
1956

1. BRIEF CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AREA The mountainous country of Tien Shan extends its ridges into the southeastern part of the Kazakh SSR, and its main, central part is located on the border with China, occupying the eastern part of the territory of Kyrgyzstan. Huge glaciation, high peaks and among them the highest point of the Tien Shan - Pobeda Peak - 7,439.3 meters, harsh climate, stormy mountain rivers, unknown and unexplored riches of the subsoil have long attracted the inquisitive minds of travelers, scientists, mountain climbers to the Central Tien Shan . Despite the available information about the Central part of the Tien Shan, compiled by many expeditions, the Tien Shan remains far unexplored, the most difficult mountainous region of the USSR. There are especially many troubles when studying this mountainous country due to the changeable weather of the highlands; there are not even systematic meteorological observations in the central glaciated part of the Tien Shan. The particular difficulty of working in the mountains is determined by the instability of the weather with a minimum air humidity of 90 percent, and sharp temperature fluctuations from +25 Celsius. up to -40Сgr. and the most unexpected invasion of cold fronts bringing bad weather with storm-force winds. This explains the low attendance of the Tien Shan by sports expeditions. Starting from 1921 to 1955, the region of the Central Tien Shan was visited by not much more than a dozen sports expeditions, having mastered only 9 peaks. Its highest point, Pobeda Peak, 7,439.3 m, still remains unconquered. A feature of this area is also its inaccessibility. Mountain rivers, high passes, rugged and long glaciers take up a lot of time and effort from travelers. A traveler, in order to achieve his goal in the Central Tien Shan, must prepare himself for the most varied type of movement from an airplane to a car, on horses or mules, and in all cases ending on foot with a large shoulder load in a backpack. A special place in this inaccessible area is occupied by the area of ​​the Khan Tengri peaks - 6.995m, Pobeda - 7.439.3m. etc. Geographical discoveries and descriptions of the location of mountain ranges and main glaciers date back to 1929-38. and 1943. Started back in 1902-1903. German scientist G. Merzbacher. A particularly valuable contribution was made by Ukrainian expeditions led by the now Honored Master of Sports M.G. Pogrebetsky. For the first time, diagrams and maps were drawn up about this “white spot” on geographical maps. Individual small sports expeditions, which set primarily sporting goals, sometimes supplemented and clarified information about this area. The final topographical clarification of the Eastern part of the Central Tien Shan was carried out by military topographers of Turk.VO under the leadership of Lieutenant Colonel Rapasov in 1943. This topographical group was responsible for determining the height of the peak, which was later named Pobeda and turned out to be the highest point of the Central Tien Shan. Earlier, in 1938, a group of Moscow climbers under the leadership of Honored Master of Sports A.A. Letavet tried to climb it. This was the first attempt to conquer an unknown giant. The first attempt to climb the highest peak, Pobeda Peak, ended in failure. Difficult meteorological conditions and a miscalculation in altitude led the group to frostbite on its slopes; the climbers managed to reach a height of 6,950 meters. Visits to the Central Tien Shan by climbers from Kazakhstan began in 1935 with reconnaissance of the approaches and routes to the Khan Tengri peak - 6995m. With the ascent to Khan Tengri Peak in 1936 and Chapaev Peak - 6320m. In 1937, climbers from Kazakhstan opened the first pages of high-altitude ascents in this area. In the post-war years, in 1949, climbers of Kazakhstan organized an expedition to climb Pobeda Peak. 1949 was especially different from previous years in unstable weather, heavy snowfalls and powerful avalanches. All this made the work of the climbers so difficult and dangerous, who twice fell into avalanches and from a height of 5640 meters were forced to return to the base camp on the Zvezdochka glacier - 4300 m, and then descended from the mountains with minor injuries and minor frostbite among the participants. This was the second unsuccessful attempt to climb Pobeda Peak. Climbers from Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan were persistently reconnaissance of the route to the highest peak of the Central Tien Shan. Two seasons 1952-1953 They spent time in the area of ​​Pobeda Peak, looking for ways to climb to the top, for which they climbed Chapaev Peak and Druzhba Peak and, as always, climbers had to fight the unfavorable climate of the Tien Shan. In 1954, after successful ascents to the Marble Wall peak - 6400m, Bayankol peak - 5790m. and a number of peaks in the northeastern part of the Central Tien Shan with a height of up to 5000 m, climbers from Kazakhstan went to the Pobeda Peak area with the task of climbing Khan Tengri Peak. The weather was incredibly favorable, and the climbers successfully completed the ascent from September 4 to 9. The area around Pobeda Peak was crowded in 1955. An expedition of the Kazakh Club of Mountaineers and Tourists consisting of 28 people under the leadership of the Honored Master of Sports Kolokolnikov E. M.’s goal was to climb Pobeda Peak along the eastern ridge. During the same period July-September 1955. An expedition of the Uzbek Committee for Physical Education and Sports, together with a group of military climbers from Turk.VO, numbering 50 people, planned to climb Pobeda Peak along its northern edge, and reached a height of 6500 m. Unfavorable weather and the death of the assault group of Kazakhstan climbers forced them to return without reaching the goal . This is a brief description of the Central Tien Shan region and the history of attempts to climb the highest peak in this region - Pobeda Peak - 7439m.

Sketch - page - 1 From the expedition archive

Sketch - page - 2 From the expedition archive

EXPEDITION WORK IN THE MOUNTAINS

Report 1955 - page - 1 From the expedition archive

Report 1955 - page - 2 From the expedition archive

Report 1955 - page - 3 From the expedition archive

Report 1955 - page - 4 From the expedition archive

Report 1955 - page - 5 From the expedition archive

Report 1955 - page - 6 From the expedition archive

Report 1955 - page - 7 From the expedition archive

Report 1955 - page - 8 From the expedition archive

Report 1955 - page - 9 From the expedition archive

ORDER
on the high-altitude expedition of the Committee on Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR.
camp "Zvezdochka" No. 1. August 14, 1955

List of assault participants From the expedition archive

Task No. 1 From the expedition archive

RESCUE WORKS

• Day 1 - 700 m.
• Day 2 - 480 m.
• Day 3 - 400 m.
• 4th day - 100 m.

On political and educational work among participants in the high-altitude sports and research expedition to Pobeda Peak /July-September 1955/

The expedition began its work on July 1, 1955. 28 people took part in its work. Of these, there were 6 members of the CPSU, 8 members of the Komsomol. Even before leaving the mountains. Party and Komsomol groups were organized in Alma-Ata. Comrade ALEXANDROV was elected party organizer and Comrade AKISHEV as Komsomol organizer. The expedition participants took 2-4 books with them to the expedition area, including political and fiction. The Komsomol Central Committee supplied the expedition with sets of the Ogonyok and Crocodile magazines for the second half of 1954 and the first half of 1955. The expedition took a volleyball with a net, chess and the necessary materials for publishing wall newspapers. Us before leaving the mountains. Alma-Ata, a plan for mass political work was drawn up, which was approved at a meeting of the party group. This plan has been largely completed. The main difficulty for its complete implementation was that the expedition members stayed and moved together for only 9 days. The expedition left the city of Alma-Ata in three echelons on July 5, 6 and 15, and only on July 29 did they all concentrate together on the “Green” camp. We were in the “Green” camp on July 30 and 31, and from August 1 to 4, everyone moved together along the Inylchek glacier to the foot of Pobeda Peak. During the expedition, 4 party meetings were held, at which the following were discussed: “Plan of mass political work”, “Results of the first stage of the expedition”, “On the organization of the assault on Pobeda Peak”, etc. Similar issues after party meetings were discussed at general meetings . A number of conversations were held. For example: “Results of the July plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU”, “On the conquest of Mount Everest”, “How the assault on the peak of Khan Tengri was organized in 1954” and others. Political information was held once every 2-3 days. We took material for political information on the radio via walkie-talkies. In the Zeleny camp, on July 31, the first issue of the combat leaflet was issued. Chess and volleyball games and chess competitions were held. Whenever possible, especially in the evening, collective singing of songs was organized. The singing of songs was organized by Comrades Usenov, Ryspaev, Akishev and Shipilov. Before the assault began, all members of the expedition read the books they took with them. After this, books were exchanged, some books changed hands. The expedition members eagerly read and looked through the magazines “Ogonyok” and “Crocodile”. Individual facts of indiscipline were considered by the head of the expedition, where the deputy was required to be present. politician, party organizer, and sometimes Komsomol organizer. For example, on July 31, in the “Green” camp, they had an argument and almost fought. Suslov and Ryspaev. This case was examined by us in their presence. On the eve of departure from the mountains. Alma-Ata had a bad attitude towards his wife on the part of Sigitov. Having learned this, on June 30 we had a serious conversation with Comrade Sigitov and he promised that after his arrival from the expedition he would resolve this issue, and issue a policy in her name, and she would receive his salary. We have repeatedly talked with Comrade Solodovnikov about the fact that he often uses foul language. We made comments immediately regarding individual cases of indiscipline. Before any group left somewhere, we talked with the leader and the whole group. After returning, they analyzed how they completed the task. We prompted some comrades to send radiograms home. Such radiograms were given by t.t. Semchenko, Sigitov, Zabozlaev. Before the assault, we collected the text of radiograms from everyone that they would like to transmit and transmitted the radiograms to Alma-Ata. Before the assault, the moral and political state of the assault group was excellent. All participants had a great desire to storm and climb Pobeda Peak. Relations between the participants were good. The discipline was positive, all tasks and assignments were carried out well and willingly. In general, the group was mentally prepared for the assault. The group is disciplined, efficient, ideologically consistent. There were no disagreements between the participants, except for the climbing tactics. On this issue, all participants, except Comrade Grudzinsky and Suslov, supported the opinion of Comrade T. Kolokolnikov and Shipilov. All participants were against unification with the expedition of the Turk.VO and the Uzbek Committee. They believed and were confident that it would be better and safer for the group to make the ascent with their own members. Based on the observations I made before the start of the assault, I can characterize individual members of the assault group as follows: 1. Shipilov V.I. - a good climber, persistent, organizer, and enjoyed authority as the leader of the assault. His shortcomings were: he had elements of careerism and arrogance. Sometimes he commanded when he needed to convince. Comrade Suslov did not like him personally. 2. Alexandrov K.Ya. - hardworking, resilient, incorruptible, modest and careful in making decisions. 3. Cherepanov P.F. - a disciplined, sensible person, but among his comrades he was reserved. 4. Solodovnikov I.G. - physically strong, resilient, cheerful, sociable person, he expressed his opinions directly and immediately. He loved to use foul language. 5. Sigitov B.N. - hardy, disciplined, had organizational skills. In dealing with people he is harsh and quick-tempered. He had elements of alarmism and sometimes exaggerated difficulties. 6. Goncharuk A.F. - a modest, honest, very conscientious comrade. He was a great optimist at work. 7. Ankudimov V.G. is a modest, sympathetic and dutiful comrade. 8. Akishev H.A. - a disciplined, responsive comrade. He loved public works and performed them with great willingness. He was modest, considered himself the most inexperienced and physically weak of all the participants. He was physically really weak. 9. Suslov A.D. - politically literate, well acquainted with the history of many ascents. He allowed elements of arrogance, treated his comrades with disdain, and believed that he himself knew better than anyone. In disputes, on almost all issues, he believed that his own opinions were the only correct ones. 10. Selidzhanov R.M. is a modest, very cultured comrade. Was closed. He did not express an opinion on the work of the expedition. 11. Ryspaev E.M. - a very cheerful friend. He joked a lot. He loved to tease someone, pick them up. Sometimes I was lazy. 12. Menyailov N.P. - a modest, very efficient, hardworking comrade. 13. Semchenko A.A. - a hardy, careful comrade. Likes to command, and is rude when dealing with people as a senior. 14. Torodin R.M. - physically strong, sociable friend, but sometimes cowardly, lazy, where possible he “sucks”. 15. Shevchenko N.G. - physically weak, hardworking, disciplined, but cowardly comrade. 16. Usenov U. is a hardy, physically strong, sympathetic comrade. He’s very hot-tempered and doesn’t understand a friendly joke. Deputy Chief
expeditions on the political side: /signature/ /O. Batyrbekov/ 1956.

on medical support for the high-altitude expedition of the club of climbers and tourists of the Kazakh SSR to climb Pobeda Peak in 1955.

Monitoring the condition of the majority of the expedition members began during the autumn-winter training period of 1954-1955. This observation was carried out by the medical and physical education center and by me personally, as the expedition doctor. I have been familiar with the physical condition and health of many of the expedition participants for a number of years. During the period of final formation of the assault group and final training, I, fulfilling the assignment of the Ministry of Health of the Kazakh SSR, was on a business trip, from which I returned on July 13, 1955, i.e. the day before the third echelon of the expedition left Almaty. Insufficient attention to the formation and preparation of the expedition on the part of the leading organizations also affected this front. I, as an expedition doctor, could not take part in a detailed study of the health status of each member of the expedition and participate in the selection of members of the assault group, which was necessary, because It was me who ultimately decided on the issue of allowing each member of the assault group to climb Pobeda Peak. Each high-altitude expedition must be accompanied by extensive research work. The issues of human acclimatization in high altitude conditions have not yet found their final solution. In view of this, the initial plan provided for the inclusion of a group of medical researchers in the expedition to conduct a series of physiological studies and observations of the state of the human body in high altitude conditions. Changes in the estimate deprived us of the opportunity to conduct full-fledged scientific research work also because the expedition was not equipped with the minimum equipment for scientific work. This, in our opinion, is also a consequence of the general attitude of the governing organizations of the republic towards the expedition. Both of these shortcomings significantly worsened the conditions for medical monitoring of health, fitness, etc. and reduced medical control to elementary and standard rules and techniques. Medical monitoring of the health and fitness of members of the assault group. For the first time, we were able to get acquainted with the medical indicators of the health status and fitness of all members of the expedition after the entire expedition concentrated in the Green Glade camp. This initial medical examination of all members of the assault group took 2 days: July 30 and 31. During this medical examination, no pathological abnormalities in the body were identified among the members of the assault group. Blood pressure before exercise and in the dynamics of functional tests, Kotov-Demina test, Clicquot and Orthostatic tests, remained within normal limits in all subjects. The performance of all members of the assault group was good. The speed of blood flow fluctuated among the subjects within the limits of average, normal figures. The second medical examination was carried out on August 13 before the group left for the assault. In the interval between the first and second medical examinations, the members of the expedition performed certain work at various altitudes from 3500 m to 5000 m above sea level and already had sufficient so-called. active acclimatization. This repeated medical examination revealed the following: all members of the assault group, with the exception of Semchenko, Shevchenko, Torodin and Menyailov, had good indicators of functional tests, blood pressure, blood pressure dynamics during the period of exercise, etc. Blood pressure in M.S. Semchenko was in the range of 150-170 mm Hg - correspondence before and after the load. Insufficiently good performance of functional tests and a state of dynamic changes in blood pressure were noted in Torodin, Shevchenko, and Menyailov. The second group of subjects was divided into individuals who had relatively good and excellent performance in all studies. The latter was obtained from the following climbers: Shipilov, Alexandrov, Cherepanov, Sigitov, Ryspaev, Usenov, Selidzhanov, Goncharuk, Suslov. In connection with the change in assault tactics and the division of the group into auxiliary and assault, the opportunity emerged to use the entire group of climbers in preparation for the ascent. To the head of the expedition, z.m.s. Kolokolnikov and the head of the assault group, M.S. Shipilov was informed of the results of the medical examination, indicating that the first group - Semchenko, Menyailov, Torodin, Shevchenko - should be used only up to a height of 6500-6600 m, and in the formation of the assault group, be guided by the results of the medical examination and personal observation of the behavior of individual climbers. Shipilov's first order was carried out, Semchenko and others returned from an altitude of 6500 m. Medical and preventive work. The expedition was well provided with medicines and trauma equipment. Almost any disease, including massive traumatic injuries, could be successfully treated before hospitalization. During the period of the expedition before the assault, its members did not have any serious illnesses. Minor injuries did not require hospitalization or long-term treatment. The head of the expedition, Z.M.S. Kolokolnikov, during the period of reconnaissance work, a mildly expressed cardiovascular insufficiency was revealed, although it was easily resolved under the influence of ordinary treatment measures. After the disaster with the assault group, Usenov, who had frostbite of the feet and hands of the second degree and general chills, needed persistent treatment. A quick evacuation down to the local hospital, and then to the city, with continuous and persistent treatment during the evacuation period, made it possible to preserve his health and limit the levels of amputation that later required to the phalanges of his right hand. Under the influence of mental trauma, the condition of the cardiovascular system of z.m.s. sharply deteriorated. Kolokolnikova. This required his immediate evacuation down to the local hospital in the village of Moydaadyr, and then to the city of Przhevalsk. Before leaving for the assault, the group received the necessary medications and instructions for their use. Medicines were given to the commander of the assault, the commanders of the tents and individually to each climber. Everyone was advised on the rules of behavior in case of possible illnesses. Expedition doctor
Candidate of Medical Sciences: /signature/ / S. Zabozlaev /
1956 Copy.
Kazakh SSR Club of climbers and tourists.
Comrade Tufan A.F.
Committee on Physical Culture and Sports
under the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR.
Chairmen

EXPRESSION from the order of the Committee on Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR.
№ 480.
dated July 6, 1955
about conducting an expedition to Pobeda Peak

In accordance with the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR No. 103 dated February 18 of this year, the Republican calendar plan of sports events for 1955, the decision of the All-Union Mountaineering Section and the Committee on Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the act of checking the readiness of the expedition ,
ORDERS: Paragraph I In the period from July 5 to September 25, 1955, conduct a high-altitude sports and research expedition to the Central Tien Shan from climbing Pobeda Peak - 7439 m. Paragraph 2 The composition of the expedition to Pobeda Peak should be approved as follows: 1 . Kolokolnikov Evgeniy Mikhailovich - head of the expedition /ZMS/ 2 . Batyrbekov Orazai Batyrbekovich - deputy. beginning exp. p/hour./II category/ 3 . Shipilov Vladimir Petrovich - assault commander. group ./M.S./ 4 . Alexandrov Kuzma Yakovlevich - deputy. beginning storm. group /M.S./ 5 . Cherepanov Pavel Filippovich - participant /M.S./ 6 . Semchenko Alexander Arkhipovich -“- -“- 7 . Solodovnikov Ivan Gerasimovich - participant /I category/ 8 . Sigitov Boris Ivanovich -“- -“- 9 . Torodin Rassvet Mikhailovich -“- -“- 10 .Usenov Uralkhan -“- -“- 11 . Ankudimov Vitaly Georgievich -“- -“- 12 . Goncharuk Andrey Fedorovich -“- -“- 13 . Akishev Khusain Akishevich -“- -“- 14 . Shevchenko Nikolay Grigorievich -“- -“- 15 . Suslov Alexey Dmitrievich -“- -“- 16 . Ryspaev Ergaly Mustafanovich -“- -“- 17 . Selidzhanov Rostislav Mambetovich -“- -“- 18 . Menyailov Pavel Panteleevich -“- -“- 19 . Zabozlaev Sergey Sergeevich expedition doctor, Ph.D. sciences 20 .Grudzinsky Mikhail Eduardovich research worker. parts 21 . Opilko Grigory Fedorovich Head. housekeeper expeditions 22 . Tkachev Ivan Fedorovich senior groom 23 . Gorokhov Gennady Mikhailovich groom 24 . Oblov Alexey Stepanovich cook 25 . Mulendson Rudolf Markovich Sr. cameraman 26 . Goncharenko Gennady Vasilievich cameraman 27 . Elagin Alexey Alexandrovich senior radio operator 28 . Sobolev Fedor Alekseevich radio operator Paragraph 3 To the head of the ZMS expedition, Comrade E.M. Kolokolnikov. When conducting an expedition, strictly follow the guidelines on mountaineering of the All-Union Committee on Physical Culture and Sports and the instructions of the Authorized Person of the All-Communist Physical Culture Committee for the Kazakh high-mountainous region. In connection with the holding of 2 parallel expeditions to Pobeda Peak, the order of ascent should be established in accordance with the telegraphic instructions of the All-Union Committee. Paragraph 4 To the head of the Republican Club of Mountaineers and Tourists, Comrade A.F. Tufan. A/ provide the expedition with everything necessary for its successful work in the mountains. b/ maintain regular radio communications during the expedition. Paragraph 5 In order to ensure additional safety measures, when conducting an expedition to Pobeda Peak, ask the Authorized Person of the All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sports, Comrade A. Gvalia, to create a joint rescue group from climbers from camps located in the Trans-Ili Ala-Tau for the period of the expedition. Paragraph 6 To review the materials of sports groups climbing in the area of ​​the expedition during the preparatory period, approve a route commission consisting of: 1. Kolokolnikov E.M. - prev. commissions /w.m.s./ 2. Grudzinsky M.E. - deputy prev /I category/ 3. Shipilov V.P - member of the commission /m.s./ 4. Alexandrov K.Ya. - -“- /m.s./ 5. Cherepanov P.F. - -“- /m.s./ 6. Semchenko A.A. - -“- /m.s./ 7. Batyrbekov O.B. - -“- /II category/ Grant the said commission the right to consider materials in the 5”B” category of difficulty. Paragraph 7 I remind the leadership of the expedition to Pobeda Peak and all participants of their great responsibility for conducting the expedition at a high sports and technical level and unconditionally fulfilling the tasks assigned to the expedition. Paragraph 8 This order must be announced to all expedition personnel.
Chairman of the Committee
in physical education and sports
under the Council of Ministers of Kazakh. SSR: /signature/ /A. Artykov/
M.P. participants of a high-altitude sports and research expedition to Pobeda Peak. No. Last name, first name Year of birth. Home address Place of work and position National Par-tiin. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 . Shipilov Vladimir Petrovich 1929 Alma-Ata, 5th line No. 72. Republic Alpine Club Assault Commander Russian. Komsomol 2 . Alexandrov Kuzma Yakovlevich 1925 Alma-Ata-1, Papanin St. No. 179 Republican. clubalpin. Chuvash Komsomol instructor 3 . Ankudimov Vitaly Georgievich 1929 Alma-Ata-1, st. Gabdullina No. 84 VKM turner Russian. Komsomol 4 . Goncharuk Andrey Fedorovich 1928 Alma-Ata-1, Suvorov street No. 76 VCh-4 boilermaker Russian. Member of the CPSU 5 . Akishev Khusain Akishevich 1933 Alma-Ata-2, st. Vinogradova No. 80 student of Kazakh State University Kazakh Komsomol 6 . Semchenko Alexander Arkhipovich 1922 Alma-Ata, st. Ilyich No. 49 teacher of the department of physical education. KazMI rus. b/p 7 . Solodovnikov Ivan Gerasimovich 1921 Alma-Ata Republican Alpine Club. Russian instructor b/p 8 . Sigitov Boris Ivanovich 1927 Alma-Ata st. Pushkin No. 7 Rep. club of the Alps. Russian instructor b/p 9 . Torodin Rassvet Mikhailovich 1925 Alma-Ata, 9th line No. 12 quarter 8 Z-d Kirov, workshop No. 5, Russian turner. b/p 10 . Usenov Ural 1929 Alma-Ata, st. Krasina No. 57 Republic. Alpine Club Kazakh b/p 11 . Cherepanov Pavel Filippovich 1917 Alma-Ata, Mechnikov street No. 120, apt. 14 Committee FC and joint venture under the Council of Min. KazSSR, state trainer Russian. b/p 12 . Shevchenko Nikolay Grigorievich 1926 Alma-Ata, Chekhov str. No. 7, apt. 3 Alma-Ata-1, VCh-4, Russian electric welder. b/p 13 . Suslov Alexey Dmitrievich 1923 VOKS, factory con. insp.gr. rus. Cand. CPSU 14 . Ryspaev Ergaly Mustafanovich 1931 Moscow, Lefortovo Val, No. 7-a, building 8 Student MEPhI Kazakh Komsomol 15 . Selidzhanov Rostislav Mambetovich 1930 Moscow, Lefotovo shaft No. 7, building 1-133 Moscow, MTZ engineer Russian. Komsomol 16 . Menyailov Pavel Panteleevich 1927 Stalinsk, Kemerovo region. Ovrazhnaya 26 Instructor of the “Metallurg” mountain camp in Talgar. rus. b/p Note:****VKM - Railway car-wheel workshops Alma-Ata-1 station
****VCh-4 – apparently a military unit
****VOX - (possibly) All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries (why z-d?).

ORDER
CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE ON PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS
AT THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS OF THE USSR.
December 14, 1955. No. 459.
ABOUT THE EXPEDITION OF CLIMBERS TO POBEDA PEAK

In August 1955, while climbing Pobeda Peak, an accident occurred with a group of mountaineering expedition organized by the Committee on Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR. As a result of organized search and rescue operations and an inspection by a special commission appointed by the Committee on Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. The chairman of the commission is Honored Master of Sports Comrade E.A. Beletsky. The death of 11 climbers - members of the expedition's assault group - was established. Shipilov V.P., Ankudimov V.G., Akishev Kh.A., Sigitov B.I., Cherepanov P.F., Suslov A.D., Ryspaev E.M. and Selidzhanov R.M. One of the main reasons for the death of the assault group is the fact that, having encountered difficult conditions, worsening weather, blizzards and heavy snowfall, the members of the assault group became confused, acted disunitedly, and did not show themselves as a single, cohesive team. The attempted descent was unorganized. Head of the assault Comrade V.P. Shipilov failed to organize a group to fight the elements. A gross mistake by the head of the group, Comrade V.P. Shipilov. was that, having lost contact with base camp, he continued to move upward. With the correct actions of the group and its leader, when the weather worsened, it was possible to prevent a disaster by sheltering from the weather in tents or snow caves. The approved tactical plan for climbing Pobeda Peak by the leadership of the expedition, the head of the expedition, Honored Master of Sports, Comrade E.M. Kolokolnikov, was rejected and replaced by the tactics of storming the peak of the “descent”, which, as an analysis of the ascent shows, led to premature fatigue of the climbers and had a negative impact on their the ability to withstand bad weather and the ability to withstand difficult climbing conditions. Due to the presence of two expeditions, the Kazakh Committee and the Uzbek Committee and the Turkestan Military District, the Committee on Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of Ministers of the USSR established the priority of storming the summit by the Kazakh expedition. However, the expedition of the Uzbek Republican Committee and the Turkestan Military District grossly violated this instruction by launching an assault on Pobeda Peak the day after the Kazakh expedition left, which created an environment of unhealthy sports competition. Presidium of the All-Union Section, Chairman Honored Master of Sports Comrade K.K. Kuzmin, Mountaineering Department of the Committee Comrade R.G. Shafeev did not take a firm position on the issue of uniting the forces of various expeditions to Pobeda Peak and did not check their decision to strengthen the expedition with experienced high-altitude climbers. Inclusion in the expedition etc. Suslova A.D., Ryspaeva E.M. and Selidzhanova R.M. did not strengthen the composition of the expedition to the extent required. The Kazakh Republican Committee for Physical Culture and Sports, the Organizing Committee of the expedition and the Republican Mountaineering Section took the wrong position, rejecting proposals to unite the forces of several organizations for a joint assault on Pobeda Peak. As a result, the expedition's climbing team was not strong enough to complete the task of climbing this peak. The leader of the auxiliary group is master of sports comrade. Semchenko A.A., having received the task of lowering the slightly ill Menyailov P.P. from the ridge, had to remain under the Chon-Toren pass to organize an observation and communication point. Instead, he voluntarily went to base camp with the entire group. Head of rescue and search operations, Honored Master of Sports Comrade V.I. Ratsek, heads of rescue teams and groups, etc. Semchenko A.A. and Nagel E.I. from the moment they received information about the emergency situation, V.P. Shipilov’s group carried out work at a slow pace. The danger of avalanches from the slopes of the Ak-Tau peak and the Chon-Toren pass, which supposedly excluded the possibility of movement of rescue teams, was overestimated by them. A member of the Presidium of the All-Union Section and a participant in the expedition of the Uzbek Committee and the Turkestan Military District, Comrade L.V. Yurasov, knowing about the resolution of the Presidium and the instructions of the Committee on the sequence of ascents to Pobeda Peak, did not take measures to prevent the climbers of Uzbekistan from launching an assault prematurely. ORDERS: 1 . The conclusions of the commission of the Committee on Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, which conducted an investigation into the causes and circumstances of the accident with the expedition group of the Kazakh Republican Committee on Physical Culture and Sports, should be approved /Appendix No. 1/. 2 . To severely reprimand the Chairman of the Committee on Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR, Comrade. Artykov A.E., Chairman of the Expedition Organizing Committee, Deputy. Chairman of the same Committee, Comrade S.S. Gerzhon for failure to provide leadership and lack of control over the actions of the expedition. 3 . Announce a severe reprimand to the head of the expedition, Honored Master of Sports, Comrade Kolokolnikov E.M. and prohibit him from further leading mountaineering expeditions for unsatisfactory leadership of the expedition and unauthorized changes in the tactical plan for climbing Pobeda Peak. 4 . To issue a severe reprimand and remove Honored Master of Sports V.I. Ratsek from the Presidium of the All-Union Mountaineering Section. - head of the expedition of the Committee on Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of Ministers of the Uzbek SSR and the Turkestan Military District. By banning him from leading mountaineering expeditions for 3 years for violating the instructions of the Committee on Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Presidium of the All-Union Mountaineering Section on the order of priority for climbing Pobeda Peak. 5 . Remove Honored Master of Sports Comrade L.V. Yurasov from the Presidium of the All-Union Mountaineering Section. for failure to take proper measures to prevent violation of the climbing order of the expedition of Uzbek climbers and the Turkestan Military District. 6 . To deprive Comrade A.A. Semchenko of the title of master of sports and instructor qualifications. for violation of the order of the head of the expedition, which resulted in an unauthorized descent to the lower camp, which led to the absence of an auxiliary detachment in the camp closest to the assault group. 7 . Oblige the Department of Mass Sports and the Presidium of the All-Union Mountaineering Section to hold a scientific and methodological conference on high-altitude ascents in January 1956, at which to determine the main provisions of the organization and tactics of high-altitude ascents of Soviet climbers. To attract organizations and individuals interested in the development of high-altitude mountaineering to participate in the conference. The conference program should be approved /Appendix No. 2/. The conference materials and proposals should be submitted for consideration and approval by the Committee by February 1, 1956. 8 . To oblige the management of Fizkultpromsnab, Comrade K.I. Mass, to develop new models of mountaineering equipment for high-altitude ascents, taking into account foreign experience, during the first quarter of 1956 by the efforts of the Central Laboratory of Scientific Research. 9 . Oblige the Management of educational institutions and the scientific and methodological council of the Committee to include the following topics in the research plan: A/ “Medical indications and contraindications for mountaineering” b/ “The influence of high-mountain conditions, above 6400 m, on the human body, water-salt regime, diet and oxygen use.” 10 . To allow the Committee on Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR in 1956 to conduct a 60-day training camp on the basis of the ski station for the preparation of junior mountaineering instructors with a contingent of 30 people. 11 . As an exception, allow the Taldy-Kurgan, East Kazakhstan, South Kazakhstan, Dzhambul and Karaganda regional committees to include climbing equipment in the list of personnel property, in accordance with Appendix No. 3. 12 . Oblige the Kazakh, Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Georgian republican committees for physical culture and sports and the Central Committee of the DSO to discuss this order together with the mountaineering activists and develop measures to strengthen educational work among climbers, improve preparatory work for ascents and increase demands on climbing groups. Note: ****CLSI - Central Laboratory of Sports Equipment N. Romanov.
Application number 1.
By order of the Chairman of the Committee on Physical
Culture and Sports under the Council of Ministers of the USSR
dated December 14, 1955 No. 459.

CONCLUSION ON THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE DEATH OF A GROUP OF EXPEDITION PARTICIPANTS OF THE COMMITTEE ON PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS UNDER THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS OF THE KAZAKH SSR AT POBEDA PEAK

P.S. In memory of the eleven climbers who died in this expedition, the names of the glacier, pass and peak in the Saryjaz ridge, Central Tien Shan were given. Administratively, this part of the Tien Shan belongs to the Kazakh SSR. The names Eleven Peak 5437 m, Eleven Pass 5300 m, Eleven Glacier were given. When creating this album, I used archival materials taken from personal archives:
- Photos from the archives of Ural Usenov, Viktor Zimin, Mikhail Grudzinsky and Valery Khrishchaty.
- Documents from the archive of Alexander Kolokolnikov (son of Evgeniy Kolokolnikov, head of the expedition) and the archive of the Urals Usenov. The album contains two reports, a 1955 report and a 1956 report, more complete with analysis, analysis and solutions. From the “shards” lying and stored in different places, I managed to assemble this “mosaic”. In memory of the participants of this tragic expedition. More than one generation of Soviet climbers was brought up on the analysis and analysis of this tragedy. In 1990, when we passed this place of the tragedy, making a traverse of the Pobeda - Khan Tengri peaks. Valery Khrishchaty told and showed where the tents stood in 1955. The USSR national mountaineering team, making a traverse of the Pobeda - Military Topographers peaks in 1988, cleaned up the site of the tragedy. Valery Khrishchaty himself kept diaries of sporting events in which he personally took part. And he took written documents of this kind very seriously. From the stories of Ural Usenov, he knew that Ergali Ryspaev kept a diary of the expedition. And finding myself at the scene of the tragedy, 33 years later, I wanted to find this diary. He warned all team members of his intentions. And after he found the diary in one of the tents, he gave the go-ahead for cleaning. The USSR national mountaineering team collected all the equipment, clothing, and dishes from the ice at the site of the tragedy and dropped it on the northern wall of the Eastern Pobeda peak, on the territory of the USSR. Work was also done to improve the burials. Burial of Cherepanov P.F. – 6600 m. and Ankudimova V.G. – 6250 m were additionally lined with stones. The body of Suslov A.D. could not be found.

Film about the events:

Kyrgyz, Trans-Ili Alatau, Kungey-Alatau, Terskey-Ala-Too. The Middle Tien Shan includes the Pskem, Chatkal, Kuramin, Fergana, etc. ridges, and the Southern Tien Shan, which is divided by the last ridge into the eastern and western parts: Nuratau, Turkestan, Zeravshan, Gissar, Alai (in the west) and At- Bashi, Kakshaal-Too (in the east). The mountain ranges have an average height of 3000-4000 m and are dissected by valleys through which large rivers flow: Pskem, Chatkal, Syrdarya, Zeravshan, Surkhob, Naryn, Tekes, etc. Numerous glaciers and large centers of glaciation are known - the Khan Tengri mountain junction, Pobeda Peak, Alai Range. There are many large lakes: Issyk-Kul (area 6236 km2, according to other sources - 6330 km2, altitude 1608 m), Song-Kol, Chatyr-Kul, Bagramkul, Turfanskoye, etc. The belt landscape zoning is well expressed. The climate is sharply continental and arid. The amount of precipitation increases with height and in the glacial-nival belt is 1600 mm/year. In the internal (intermountain) depressions, 200-400 mm of precipitation falls per year. Due to the significant dryness of the climate, the snow line in the Tien Shan is located at an altitude of 3600-3800 m, and in the Central Tien Shan even at an altitude of 4200-4500 m.

Geological structure and minerals. The Tien Shan is part of the Ural-Mongolian (Ural-Okhotsk) folded geosynclinal belt. In the north, the folded structures have a northwestern and sublatitudinal strike, and in the south, a sublatitudinal strike. After the Hercynian folding, most of the Tien Shan was peneplainized. Mountain building, which created the modern high-mountain relief, began in the Oligocene and was especially evident in the Pliocene and Anthropocene. Differentiated tectonic movements led to the formation of stepped relief, powerful erosion, the development of deep river valleys, and the emergence of glaciation centers (see map).

According to the characteristics of the geological structure, the Tien Shan is divided into Northern, Middle and Southern. The first is a Caledonian folded structure and is separated by a deep tectonic suture - the suture (the so-called “Nikolaev line”) from the younger systems of the Middle and Southern Tien Shan. The Southern Tien Shan is a Hercynian structure, and the Middle Tien Shan occupies an intermediate position.

The Northern (Caledonian) Tien Shan includes the North Kyrgyz zone, superimposed on the eastern part of the Kokchetav-Muyunkum massif, which was heavily reworked during the Caledonian era. The Early Precambrian foundation of this zone is exposed in the Makbal horst and makes up the buried massifs: Muyunkum and Issyk-Kul, composed of Archean gneiss complexes and linear folded zones of the Early Proterozoic. On this folded foundation in the Middle Riphean, troughs were formed, filled with terrigenous-carbonate strata, unconformably overlain by basic volcanics and siliceous shales of the Upper Riphean (Terskey series). Vendian deposits, represented by terrigenous rocks (), sharply unconformably overlap the Riphean strata. To the south, Vendo-Early Cambrian and Middle Cambrian-Ordovician island-arc volcanics and marginal marine terrigenous strata are common. At the end of the Ordovician and at the end of the Silurian - Early-Middle Devonian, uplifts and deformations began in the north. The introduction of huge granite intrusions, widely developed in the Kyrgyz zone, dates back to this time. During the Hercynian stage, in an environment of blocky differentiated movements, terrestrial volcanics, red rocks and terrigenous-carbonate deposits with a thickness of 2-4 km accumulated in different places.

The middle Tien Shan is limited from the north by the “Nikolaev line”, and from the southwest by the Beltau-Kurama volcanic belt and the eastern continuation of the Syrdarya massif, on which this zone is partially superimposed. To the east of the Thalasso-Fergana fault, the Middle Tien Shan narrows and is cut off by the At-Bashyn fault. The middle Tien Shan is composed of Vendian tillite-like conglomerates, carbonate sediments and siliceous-argillaceous vanadium-bearing shales (up to 3 km), and Ordovician carbonate-terrigenous sediments (up to 2.5 km). The Silurian, represented by continental molasse with volcanics, is developed only in the Chatkal ridge. This Caledonian complex is unconformably overlain by continental variegated clastic strata of the Middle Devonian (1.5 km), marine sandy-conglomerate and carbonate-clayey deposits of the Upper Devonian (3.5 km). In the east of the zone, the carbonate-terrigenous Lower Carboniferous (3 km) and the siliceous-clayey Middle Carboniferous (2 km) are developed. The Beltau-Kurama volcanic belt rests on Riphean metamorphites and carbonate-terrigenous sediments (more than 5 km) at the top with basalts (Lower Carboniferous). Above is a thick (up to 6 km) continental sequence of basalts, andesites, dacites and comagmatic granitoids belonging to the Middle-Upper Carboniferous. The Permian consists of coarse continental molasse and rhyolite ignimbrites, tuffs and lavas. The deposits of the Hercynian complex are less dislocated than the Caledonian complex. East of the Thalasso-Fergana fault, the Middle Tien Shan includes the Dzhetymtau, Moldo-Too and Naryn-Too ridges, in which the Hercynian complex forms synclinoriums, and the Caledonian complex appears in the uplifts.

The Southern Tien Shan extends in the latitudinal direction, tapering in the east, and is divided into three parts: western (Kyzylkum), central (Gissar-Alai) and eastern (At-Bashy-Kakshaal). From the south, the folded systems of the Southern Tien Shan are limited by the Afghan-Tajik and Tarim Precambrian massifs. In the central part, which has a width of up to 200 km, a number of zones with different types of sections are distinguished from the north and south: Northern, Kapa-Chatyr, South Fergana, and to the south - Turkestan-Alai and Zeravshan-Gissar zones. From the south, the last zone is limited by the South Gissar volcanic belt. To the south, Precambrian rocks of the Afghan-Tajik massif are exposed. The structure of the Southern Tien Shan is characterized by the widespread development of Hercynian thrusts and southern vergence nappes. The formation of the system due to the destruction of the Precambrian continental crust dates back to the beginning of the Paleozoic, as evidenced by the presence of ophiolites of this age. In the Silurian - the first half of the Carboniferous, limestones accumulated on massifs with continental crust, and clays and flysch accumulated on oceanic crust. The thickness of the deposits reached 8 km. The beginning of deformations dates back to the middle of the Middle Carboniferous, as evidenced by powerful olistostromes and gravitational covers. Uplifts intensified at the end of the Carboniferous and Permian. All deposits are intruded by granites. To the east, all zones narrow, and in the south they border on the Tarim massif.

In the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, the Northern and Middle Tien Shan developed somewhat differently from the Southern Tien Shan. In the Northern Tien Shan in the Triassic-Eocene there was a platform with a thin cover of continental clastic deposits that filled a number of depressions. In the Jurassic there was an intensification of movements, and from the Oligocene the pace of tectonic movements increased sharply and the range of movements was 8-10 km in the Pliocene. Along with powerful mountain ranges, large intermountain depressions with coarse molasse and foothill troughs (Frunzensky, Ilisky, Alakolsky) also developed. The southern Tien Shan at the beginning of the Mesozoic was peneplanated, but in the Late Triassic - Early Jurassic, near-fault basins were formed - East and South Fergana, etc. In the first of them, a three-kilometer thick layer of continental coal-bearing sediments was deposited, which underwent folding in the Late Jurassic. In the Cretaceous and Early Paleogene, marine, continental and lagoonal sediments accumulated (up to 2-3 km), preserved within the Fergana and Tajik depressions. From the late Oligocene, an uplift of the region began, which sharply intensified from the Pliocene and formed the modern high-mountain relief and depressions filled with molasse up to 6 km. In the Pleistocene, new, rather intense fold-thrust deformations appeared, associated with the convergence of the Hindustan and Eurasian lithospheric plates. Thus, a vast mountainous country with high seismicity was formed.

The western (Kyzylkum) part of the Southern Tien Shan is the widest (up to 300-3500 km) and within its boundaries analogues of all zones of the central part of the Southern Tien Shan are developed. In the west, the Hercynides of the Southern Tien Shan are cut off by a meridional fault, along which the end junction of the structures of the Urals and the Southern Tien Shan occurs.

History of mineral resource development. The first evidence of the use of flint for making tools dates back to the Early Paleolithic (700-300 thousand years ago). In the area of ​​sites in Karatau, in the Central Tien Shan (valley of the On-Archa River), on Lake Issyk-Kul (Boz-Barmak), similarities of mine workings for the extraction of flints were discovered. Quarries of the Middle Paleolithic era are known near the sites of Khoja-Gor, Kapchagai, Togor, etc., and of the Late Paleolithic - in Kapchagai. 5-3 thousand years ago, in the late Neolithic era, the development of natural paints began: ocher, manganese peroxide, etc., which were used to make rock paintings in the Teke-Sekirik caves near the city of Naryn and Ak-Chunkur on the Sary-Jaz River. At the same time, clay began to be mined for making dishes.

In the 2nd millennium BC, during the Bronze and Copper Age, the development of ores of copper, lead, tin, zinc, as well as gold and silver began. Stone molds were used to produce metal castings. By this time there are traces of mining in the form of quarries, shallow mines and adits in settlement areas - Boz-Tepe, Chim-bay, Kapa-Kochkor on the Chu, Talas and Naryn rivers. At the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. A reduction in the production of tin and copper began, which is associated with the development of iron smelting, the ore of which was mined in the Talas Range, in the foothills of the Fergana Depression. Slave relations, which developed in Central Asia starting from the middle of the 1st millennium BC, did not slow down the development of mining, but there is very little data about this era. Feudalism, which replaced in the 1st millennium AD. The slave system, in connection with the needs of agriculture, urban crafts and military needs, contributed to an increase in mining. Historical chronicles of that time report iron mining in the Western Tien Shan, where iron ore slag dumps are known at many points in the Chirchik River basin, in the Kurama Mountains (Turganly, At-Kulak, Shah-Adam-Bulak, Kan-Tam, etc.) and the remains of ancient workings, as well as in the area of ​​Lake Issyk-Kul (Koysary), where in the fortification of the 7th-12th centuries. a blacksmith's tool made from local raw materials was found. During the same era, gold was mined (Kumaynak in the valley of the Angren River) and a lot of silver was mined in the western spurs of the Tien Shan (Kukhi-Sim mine). The lead extracted along the way was used to make mineral paints and household products. Copper ores were mined in the valley of the Chu River, in the regions of Aksu and Kucha (eastern Tien Shan), Ak-Tasha (Kyrgyz Range), Almalyk (Kuramin Range), where about 500 ancient workings with a volume of up to 20,000 m 3 are known. Mining developments were in the form of quarries and adits up to 30 m long, with side pockets Mushketov, D.I. Mushketov, N.G. Kassin, as well as V.N. Weber, who in 1913 gave the first information about the patterns of distribution of minerals. After the Great October Revolution, prominent Soviet geologists A.E. Fersman, D.V. Nalivkin, D.I. Shcherbakov led the work on the comprehensive development of the natural resources of the Tien Shan. A great contribution to the study of geology and mineral resources of the Tien Shan was made by V. A. Nikolaev, A. V. Peive, N. M. Sinitsyn, Kh. M. Abdullaev, A. E. Dovzhikov, G. S. Porshnyakov, V. N. Ognev, D. P. Rezvoy, V. G. Korolev, V. S. Burtman and others. For information about the modern mining industry of the Tien Shan, see in Art. about the republics: Kyrgyz CCP, Tajik CCP, Uzbek CCP.

Geographical position. Tien Shan is one of the largest mountain systems in Asia. Translated from Chinese, Tien Shan means “heavenly mountains”. The territory of Kazakhstan includes almost the entire Northern Tien Shan, parts of the Central and Western Tien Shan.
The Central Tien Shan within Kazakhstan begins from the powerful mountain node Khan Tengri (6995 m), at the junction of the borders of China, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Further it extends to the west along a series of ridges. The largest of them is Tersky Alatau. The border with Kyrgyzstan runs along its eastern branch.
The Northern Tien Shan includes the following ranges: Ketmen, Kungey Alatau, Trans-Ili Alatau, Chu-Ili Mountains and Kyrgyz Alatau.
The Western Tien Shan includes the Talas ridge and the Ugamsky and Korzhintau ridges extending from it in the southeast direction.
Karatau is located entirely within Kazakhstan - the most extreme, heavily destroyed region of the Tien Shan.
Relief, geological structure and minerals. The Tien Shan is located in the ancient synclinal belt. It is composed of metamorphosed shales, sandstones, gneisses, limestones and volcanic rocks of Precambrian and Lower Paleozoic deposits. Later continental and lacustrine deposits are concentrated on the mountain plains. They consist of clayey, sandy and moraine deposits. Main mountain systems:
Trans-Ili Alatau is the northernmost high-mountain ridge of the Tien Shan, has a length of 350 km, a width of 30-40 km, and an average height of 4000 m.
The Trans-Ili Alatau rises towards the Talgar and Chiliko-Kemin mountains (Talgar peak - 4973 m), and in the eastern direction, towards the Dalashyk and Tore tracts, it noticeably decreases (3300-3400 m). The northern slopes of the mountains are especially clearly cut by numerous rivers, which indicates the influence of the Ice Age on them.
The Trans-Ili Alatau is composed of ancient sedimentary and igneous rocks of the Lower Paleozoic - sandstones, porphyries, granites and gneisses. As a result of the formation of the Caledonian and Hercynian folds in the Paleozoic, and then repeated uplift during the Alpine mountain-building process, the mountain structure became block-folded.
An alpine type of relief has developed on the peaks. Pointed peaks alternate with intermountain plains. Some mountain areas have a stepped relief shape.
Ketmen - one of the mid-mountain ridges - is located in the eastern part of the Tien Shan. Its length within Kazakhstan is 300 km, width - 50 km, height - 3500 m. It is formed from effusive sedimentary rocks of the Paleozoic. In some places granite protrudes onto the surface of the relief. The slopes of Ketmen are dissected by the rivers of the Ili basin.
Kungey Alatau is included within the borders of Kazakhstan only on the northern slopes of its eastern part. The average height of this mountain range is 3800-4200 m. The eastern part of Kungei Alatau and Trans-Ili Alatau is separated by the valleys of the Charyn and Chilik rivers and the intermountain plain Zhalanash. The slopes of Kungei of the Northern Alatau are relatively flat and highly dissected, the peaks are leveled.
The Chu-Ili Mountains are located in the north-west of the Trans-Ili Alatau. They consist of individual hills that have undergone destruction and severe erosion (Dolankara, Kulzhabas, Kindiktas, Khantau, Alaigyr, etc.). The average height is 1000-1200 m. The highest point is Aitau, its height is 1800 m. The Chu-Ili Mountains were formed from Precambrian metamorphic rocks and thick layers of gneiss. Their surfaces are composed of sedimentary-effusive rocks of the Lower Paleozoic - shales, sandstones. The slopes of the mountains are dry, dissected by deep gorges, the peaks are leveled, to the northwest of these mountains the Betpakdala plateau is located.
The Kyrgyz Alatau is a large mountain system; its northern slope of the western part is located on the territory of Kazakhstan. Its highest peak is Western Alamedin Peak - 4875 m. In the Kazakhstan part, the height of the mountains does not exceed 4500 m. To the west they decrease. The northern slopes are subsided and destroyed mountains. The surface of the ridge is composed of sandstones, limestones and granites of the Carboniferous period. The ridge has an uneven, highly dissected surface. On the border with Kyrgyzstan, this ridge has an alpine relief type.
The Western Tien Shan within Kazakhstan begins south of the Kyrgyz ridge, beyond the Talas Valley. The Talas Alatau chain rises here (in the vicinity of the city of Taraz).
The Kazakhstani part of the Talas Alatau is the Zhabagly Mountains and the Sairam Range. The Zhabagly Mountains are divided into two mountain ranges: they form the Aksu-Zhabagly river basin (the height of the northern ridge is 2600-2800 m, the southern ridge is 3500 m). They are also composed of sedimentary and igneous rocks of the Paleozoic. The mountain slopes are dissected, bear traces of ancient glaciation, and are distinguished by an alpine type of relief.
The Tashkent Mountains consist of several mountain ranges extending southwest from the Talas Alatau. These include the Sairam Mountains (the highest point is Sairam Peak 4220 m), Koksu (the highest point - 3468 m), Ugam (the highest point 3560 m), Karzhantau (2839 m), Kazykurt (1700 m). Their geological histories are similar. All of them are composed of Paleozoic limestones. The mountain slopes are steep and the terrain is dissected. Karst phenomena are widespread.
The Karatau ridge is located on the western edge of the Western Tien Shan. It extends in a northwest direction for 400 km, its average height is 1800 m. The highest point is Mynzhylky (2176 m). To the north-west it decreases and already at the confluence of the dry beds of the Sarysu and Chu rivers, the mountain becomes a plateau. In terms of geological structure and relief, Karatau is similar to the Chu-Ili Mountains. It settles, collapses and levels out. The northeastern and southwestern mountain ranges of the Karatau ridge are separated by intermountain valleys. If its southwestern ridge was formed from Proterozoic metamorphic rocks, then the northeastern ridge was formed from Paleozoic sandstones and shales.
The valleys located between the two ridges are composed of red clay. Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits of limestone, sandstone and clay are also widespread. The local relief was formed under dry climate conditions. There is no constant surface runoff. The slopes are dissected by large and small gorges and dry river beds.
A large reserve of minerals was found on the territory of Karatau. They are used to produce lead and zinc at the Shymkent Lead-Zinc Plant and to provide phosphorus raw materials to chemical plants in Taraz. Ores are mined by open-pit mining. Karatau is a source of building materials - gypsum, cement, etc., which gives the state large profits. The folded base of the southwestern and southern parts of the ridge formed in the Paleozoic era.
The main appearance of the Tien Shan relief was formed during mountain building in the Neogene and Anthropogen periods of the Cenozoic era. Proof of this is the earthquakes occurring in the Tien Shan. The general appearance of the mountain relief is not the same. The mountains alternate between high peaks, ridges with intermountain valleys, hilly plains, etc. The altitudinal belt of the mountains is formed in direct dependence on the geographical location and layout of the mountain ranges.

Climate, rivers and glaciers. The climate of the Kazakh part of the Tien Shan mountain system is dry, unstable, formed in winter under the influence of polar and in summer tropical air masses. It is influenced by Arctic air masses and the Siberian anticyclone. The height of mountain ranges and the variety of terrain affect the supply of heat and moisture. Therefore, in autumn and spring there are often frosts in the foothills of the Tien Shan. In the summer months, hot winds often blow - hot winds. The dry continental climate of the plains in the mountains gives way to a moderately humid continental climate. Winter is long, from October to April-May, summer is much shorter.
In Kungey and Terskey Alatau, snow sometimes falls as early as August and it becomes quite cold. Even in May-June there are often frosts. Real summer comes only in July.
The time of heaviest precipitation is May. If during this period it rains at the foot of the mountain, then snow falls on its peaks.
On the northern slopes of the Trans-Ili Alatau, even in the winter months there are often warm days. During the day the snow melts, at night the puddles become covered with ice. Such a sudden change in weather has a destructive effect on the rock.
The climate of the Western Tien Shan is influenced by the warm climatic conditions of southern Kazakhstan. Therefore, in the Western Tien Shan mountains the snow line is located higher than in the east. Here the average annual precipitation is higher - 600-800 mm. On the mountain slopes the average July temperature is +20°+25°C, at the foot of the glaciers -5°C.
Many rivers flow along the spurs of the Tien Shan Mountains and along the intermountain plains. The rivers Bolshaya and Malaya Almatinka, Talgar, Issyk, Chilik, Kaskelen originate from the northern slopes of the Trans-Ili Alatau, and the Charyn River originates from the eastern slopes of the Tien Shan. Many of them flow into the Ili River, the flow of which replenishes the water supply of Lake Balkhash.
The Chu River originates in the Kyrgyz Alatau and after crossing the border of Kyrgyzstan flows through the territory of Kazakhstan.
The Arys, Boraldai, and Bogen rivers flow from the southwestern slopes of Karatau. From the northwestern slopes there are some rivers that are fed by melted snow waters in the spring and dry up in the summer.
In the spurs of the Tien Shan there are lakes located in depressions between the mountain peaks. These lakes originate from glaciers. Below, in intermountain basins, small lakes form.
The peaks of the Tien Shan Mountains are covered with glaciers; their most powerful reserves are concentrated in the Chiliko-Keminsky mountain cluster. In the Trans-Ili Alatau there are more than 380 glaciers, which occupy mountain valleys with a total area of ​​478 km2. They are located in the upper part of the basins, where the Chilik, Issyk, Talgar, Bolshaya and Malaya Almatinka, and Aksai rivers originate. The largest glacier is Korzhenevsky (length 12 km).
In total, in the Kazakhstani part of the Tien Shan there are 1009 glaciers with a total area of ​​857 km2. Long-term melting of glaciers and heavy precipitation on hot summer days increase the influx of meltwater to lakes and rivers. This leads to water overflowing its banks and flooding begins. They cause great harm to the economy and pose a danger to human life.

Natural areas. Flora and fauna. The natural zones of the Tien Shan mountainous country vary vertically. These belts developed in direct dependence on the orographic pattern of mountain ranges and geographic location. Due to the diversity of the natural environment and the characteristic features of each mountain range of the Tien Shan, the same belts are not located vertically everywhere at the same height: in one ridge they are higher, and in another they are lower.
In the Northern Tien Shan there are four levels of altitude zones. If we count them from the very top, then they begin with glaciers, with alpine terrain covered with eternal snow. And in other ridges the belts begin at an altitude of 2600-2800 m, in others - above 3300 m. Here there are hilly hills surrounding bare rocks. Natural areas consist of subalpine and alpine meadows and high-mountain landscapes. The mountains are inhabited by leopards, mountain goats, snowcocks, and mountain eagles.
The next altitudinal zone is common in mountains of average height from 1500-1600 m to 3200-3300 m. Small-leaved and coniferous forests mainly grow on the northern slopes of the mountains. The plains are covered with meadows; on the southern slopes there are signs of steppe and meadow-steppe zones.

Spruce-forest belt.
1. Schrenk spruce.
2. Aspen.
3. Tien Shan rowan.
4. Honeysuckle.
5. Geranium is straight.
6. Siberian larch.
7. Siberian fir

Forests are found only in gorges. Animals inhabited by bears and roe deer.
The belt of low mountains is clearly visible in the Trans-Ili Alatau. Their height is 900-1100 m above sea level. They resemble the small hills of the central part of Kazakhstan. Various types of plants grow on the dark and dark chestnut soils of this territory: herbaceous, woody (pines), shrubs (meadowsweet).
The lowest altitude zone covers intermountain plains and the foothills of the mountains (they are located at an altitude of approximately 600-800 m). In these territories, signs of desert, semi-desert, and steppe zones are observed. Grains, melons and horticultural crops are grown here. Meadows are used as pastures for grazing livestock.
The altitude zones of the Western Tien Shan, compared to the Northern Tien Shan, are located 100-200 m higher. They are affected by the arid climate of Central Asia and less moisture. The types of soil and vegetation cover vary depending on the altitudinal zone. Asian and Indian plant species grow in the Aksu-Zhabagly Nature Reserve. And the animals living in the western spurs of the Tien Shan are noticeably different from the inhabitants of the Northern Tien Shan. There are more Siberian and European species of animals, and in the West there are animals similar to Mediterranean, African, and Himalayan species.
Reserves. In order to protect the nature of the Tien Shan, its flora and fauna, reserves and national parks were organized. Among them, the Aksu-Zhabagly and Almaty nature reserves and the Ile-Alatau national park occupy a large place.
Aksu-Zhabagly Nature Reserve (1927) - a repository of the pristine nature of the Western Tien Shan - is intended to protect 1,404 species of plants (including 269 rare ones), 238 species of birds, 42 species of mammals, 9 species of reptiles. The reserve is home to rare species of animals and birds: gophers, bustards, little bustards.
In the Almaty Nature Reserve (1961), 965 species of plants, 39 species of animals, and 200 species of birds grow. The snow leopard, brown bear, and deer are taken under protection.
In 1996, the outskirts of Almaty were declared the Ile-Alatau National Park. It is located on an area of ​​over 181.6 thousand hectares, on the northern slope of the Trans-Ili Alatau. Important nature conservation activities are carried out here.

1. Using the tectonic map of Kazakhstan, determine when the processes of mountain formation took place in the Northern and Western Tien Shan. Why does the Tien Shan belong to a seismic zone?
2. Using the climate map, explain the unevenness of precipitation in the Tien Shan.
3. What is the reason for the arid climate? Is it possible for the formation of a climate characteristic of the Tien Shan in its individual parts? Why, if possible?
4. Show on the map the glaciers of the Kazakhstani part of the Tien Shan. Explain the patterns of their location.
5. What explains the diversity of types of altitudinal belts in the Northern and Western Tien Shan?

Draw on a contour map a diagram of the location of the mountain ranges of the Kazakhstani part of the Tien Shan.